Durability properties of 3D printed concrete (3DPC)

Nodehi, Mehrab; Aguayo, Federico; Nodehi, Shahab E.; Gholampour, Aliakbar; Ozbakkaloglu, Togay; Gençel, Osman

doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104479

Cited by 79 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…In order for the use of 3DPC mixtures to become widespread, especially in harsh environments such as bridge and marine applications, 104 durability properties such as acid, carbonation and chloride resistance should be improved. 105 It was thought that 3DPCs may have weaker acid chloride resistance compared to conventional concrete due to the fact that harmful acids and components can quickly enter through interfacial voids. The use of Portland Cement in high dosages in 3DPC mixtures can also cause weak acid resistance.…”

Section: Acid Carbonation and Chloride Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties, durability performance and interlayer adhesion of 3DPC mixtures: A state‐of‐the‐art review

Şahin

Mardani‐Aghabaglou

2023

Structural Concrete

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In this study, the strength and durability performance of 3D printing concrete mixtures (3DPC) were examined in terms of the materials used in their production and printing process parameters (interlayer interval time, printing speed, and nozzle shape). Due to the anisotropic nature of 3DPC, it was understood that the compressive strength depends on the loading direction. It was emphasized that it is necessary to control the shrinkage behavior of 3DPC mixtures due to the lack of formwork and the high dosage of binders. It was reported that the interlayer adhesion of 3DPC is highly dependent on the interlayer interval time and printing speed parameters. It was understood that nozzle shape and standoff distance affect the mechanical properties and surface roughness of 3DPC specimens, and this effect is more pronounced in mixtures with high static yield stress values.

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Section: Acid Carbonation and Chloride Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties, durability performance and interlayer adhesion of 3DPC mixtures: A state‐of‐the‐art review

Şahin

Mardani‐Aghabaglou

2023

Structural Concrete

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“…The layered nature of 3DPC might result in more porous and weaker interfaces, which will lead to anisotropy in mechanical properties, weaken the overall load-bearing capacities, and influence the transport and durability behaviors of 3DPC structures [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Thus, regarding a 3DPC structure or element, the role of layered interfaces is significant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Internal Structure of Hardened 3D-Printed Concrete by X-CT Scanning and Its Influence on the Mechanical Performance

et al. 2023

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As we know, 3DPC is printed layer by layer compared with mold-casting conventional concrete. Pore structure and layer-to-layer interface are two main aspects of the internal structure for 3DPC, which decide 3DPC’s mechanical performance. The layer-to-layer interface caused by printing is specific to 3DPC. The emphasis of this study lies in the layer-to-layer interfaces of 3DPC. The first aim of this study is to quantify the characteristics of the layer-to-layer interface and therefore characterize different aspects of the interfaces. The second aim of this study is to explore how the internal structure of printed concrete influences the mechanical performance of 3DPC. This research set out to design a series of experimental comparisons between 3DPC and casted concrete with the same compositions. Mechanical tests, i.e., compressive stress, ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test, flexural tension, and tension splitting, as well as the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test, were performed to check the mechanical performance of 3DPC. Contrary to what has often been expected, the mechanical test results showed the printed concrete has a quality not worse than casted concrete with the same recipe. Meanwhile, the X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) is used to characterize the internal structure, pore shapes, and interfaces of 3DPC. First, the investigation revealed that the lower total porosity and fewer big voids could be the fundamental causes meaning 3DPC has a better mechanical performance than casted concrete. Second, the statistics based on aspect ratio show that the distribution curves follow similar trends, regardless of the printed or casted concrete. Third, this study quantified the depth of the different interfaces for 3DPC. The results suggest that the porosity in an interface varies in a range. The author’s pioneer work has contributed to our present understanding of the interfaces of 3DPC.

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“…Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) [1], also known as 3D printed concrete (3DPC) [2,3] or 3D printable cementitious material (3DPCM) [4], was established in the late 1990s and early 2000s [4]. Since that time, additive manufacturing has been used worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Interaction of Cement-Based Materials for 3D Printing with Fly Ash and Superabsorbent Polymers

et al. 2022

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The use of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) in construction is a relatively new trend, and not a completely explored area. However, SAP itself has been on the market for over 80 years. SAPs have a cross-linked three-dimensional structure, thanks to which they have the unique ability to absorb extreme amounts of water, up to a hundred times their weight. By using this property, it is possible to prevent water losses, which is important at the time of maturation in cementitious building materials. When there is a lack of water needed for hydration processes, the physical and mechanical properties deteriorate. The subject of this article is to determine the possible positive effect of the presence of SAP in the cement matrix in order to optimize the parameters of silicate composites for 3D printing. For this purpose, a special methodology was compiled consisting of tests through which it is possible to assess the suitability of the tested mixtures for 3D printing. This methodology consists of determining consistency, volumetric weight, ultrasonic analysis, buildability, X-ray diffraction, flexural tensile and compressive strength. For determining of buildability and ultrasonic analysis new methodologies were created in this research in order to be suitable for the 3D printing materials. Last but not least, efforts are also being made to increase the incorporation of secondary raw material (fly ash) in order to reduce the environmental impact of industrial production and, conversely, to increase its sustainability while maintaining or improving the mechanical–physical parameters of building materials. From the results presented in this paper it is apparent, that created methodology is efficient for determining properties of 3D printable mixtures. SAPs also significantly influenced properties of these mixtures. Mainly buildability and flexural tensile strength (by up to 30%) were increased and volumetric weight was decreased (by up to 5%).

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Durability properties of 3D printed concrete (3DPC)

Cited by 79 publications

References 89 publications

Mechanical properties, durability performance and interlayer adhesion of 3DPC mixtures: A state‐of‐the‐art review

Mechanical properties, durability performance and interlayer adhesion of 3DPC mixtures: A state‐of‐the‐art review

Investigation of the Internal Structure of Hardened 3D-Printed Concrete by X-CT Scanning and Its Influence on the Mechanical Performance

Study of the Interaction of Cement-Based Materials for 3D Printing with Fly Ash and Superabsorbent Polymers

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