Durability test and degradation behavior of a 2.5 kW SOFC stack with internal reforming of LNG

Fang, Qingping; Blum, Ludger; Batfalsky, Peter; Menzler, Norbert H.; Packbier, Ute; Stolten, Detlef

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.09.140

Cited by 77 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…F2005-12 was mostly operated with 10% pre-reformed LNG, since the internal reforming of methane without pre-reforming can lead to the formation of volatile nickel hydroxide and therefore faster anode degradation [13,15]. The fuel composition after 10% pre-reforming of LNG with a starting steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 2 was simulated with a mixture of LNG, H 2 and H 2 O.…”

Section: Test Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SOFC stack performance under high fuel utilization

Fang

Blum

Peters

et al. 2015

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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145

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Section: Test Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently test results were presented for a 2.5 kW F20-design stack operated at 0.5 Acm À2 and 70%~80% fuel utilization with 10% pre-reformed liquefied natural gas (LNG) at around 750 C (T Stack ) [13]. The stack was operated stably up to 80% fuel utilization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SOFC stack performance under high fuel utilization

Fang

Blum

Peters

et al. 2015

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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145

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“…[6][7][8][9] Recently, a short stack achieved a 10 years lifetime, and remains in operation. 10 With proper protective coating, a voltage degradation rate of less than 0.3%/kh and lifetime of more than 40,000 h at 700…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Performance and Preliminary Post-Mortem Analysis of a Solid Oxide Cell Stack with 20,000 h of Operation

Fang

Frey

Menzler

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A long-term test with a two-layer solid oxide cell stack was carried out for more than 20,000 hours. The stack was mainly characterized in a furnace environment in electrolysis mode, with 50% humidification of H 2 at 800 • C. The endothermic operation was carried out with a current density of −0.5 Acm −2 and steam conversion rate of 50%. Electrolysis at lower temperatures (i.e., 700 • C and 750 • C) and fuel cell operation (with 0.5 Acm −2 and fuel utilization of 50%) at 800 • C were also carried out (<2000 h each) for comparison. The voltage and area specific resistance degradation rates were ∼0.6%/kh and 8.2%/kh after ∼18,460 hours of operation. In total, the stack was operated above 700 • C for more than 20,000 hours. Impedance measurement and analysis showed that the increase of ohmic resistance was the main degradation phenomenon, while electrode polarizations were kept nearly constant before a severe burning took place in one layer. Ni-depletion in fuel electrodes was confirmed during post-mortem analysis, which was assumed to be the major degradation mechanism observed. The stack performance and degradation analysis under different working conditions, as well as the results of preliminary post-mortem analysis will be presented. One of the critical challenges to the application and commercialization of solid oxide cell (SOC) technology is the long-term stability of complete systems, stacks and single components. Despite the fact that accelerating methods have long been under discussion, the time-consuming and costly endurance tests of stacks and cells under relevant conditions are still necessary for reliable degradation analyses and lifetime prediction. Compared to the tests with single cell or other stack and system component, the results of long-term degradation tests with stacks are quite limited. [1][2][3][4][5] Previous results have shown stable performance of stacks working in the temperature range of 700-800• C in SOFC mode. [6][7][8][9] Recently, a short stack achieved a 10 years lifetime, and remains in operation. 10 With proper protective coating, a voltage degradation rate of less than 0.3%/kh and lifetime of more than 40,000 h at 700• C is possible with current stack design and components. In contrast to the low degradation rate in SOFC mode, higher degradation rates of ∼0.6-1.5%/kh were observed with similar types of cells in the same stack design in SOEC mode, as described by Nguyen et al. 11 Therefore, the functionality and optimization potential of the cells and stacks, as well as their long-term degradation behavior and mechanisms in SOEC mode, needs to be further investigated. Amongst the stacks operated in SOEC mode, a two-layer stack was operated under different stationary conditions for more than 20,000 h. The stack performance was regularly monitored by open circuit voltage, voltage-current curves and impedance measurements. After cooling down, one third of the stack was embedded in resin for cross-section preparation, and the rest was disassembled for visual inspection. The prelim...

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“…In addition, the focus has centeredo ns tack development [17] and the in-house-engineered "F-design" [18] planar Energy Technol. [19] Thet est equipment and stack components are presented in Figure1. [19,20] Thes uitability of this designf or stationarya pplications has been provenw ith a2 0kWp lant that employs as ystem concept developed in Jülich.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[20] On the cathode side ambient air, dried to ad ew point of less than À40 8C, was supplied at af low rate of 5.28 slm, which corresponds to an oxygen utilization of 25 %. [19] Thet est equipment and stack components are presented in Figure1. Thet est conditions have been fixed for all tests within this project.…”

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confidence: 99%

Anode‐Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Achieves 70 000 Hours of Continuous Operation

et al. 2016

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Global climate challenges necessitate the development of technologies that reduce civilization's dependence on non‐renewable resources. Very promising in this respect are solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). However, their high operating temperatures have imposed a variety of practical limitations, and therefore a major focus in recent years has been on new materials and optimized microstructures. Here, we report the results of a long‐term test using a short stack with anode‐supported cells based on standard materials, and we attained a continuous operation time of 70 000 h (eight years)—the longest operation time ever reached for this technology. This result offers the best prospect for the realization of stable and robust SOFC technology.

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Durability test and degradation behavior of a 2.5 kW SOFC stack with internal reforming of LNG

Cited by 77 publications

References 11 publications

SOFC stack performance under high fuel utilization

SOFC stack performance under high fuel utilization

Electrochemical Performance and Preliminary Post-Mortem Analysis of a Solid Oxide Cell Stack with 20,000 h of Operation

Anode‐Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Achieves 70 000 Hours of Continuous Operation

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