Duration of Life and Causes of Death in Domestic Cats: Influence of Sex, Gonadectomy, and Inbreeding

Hamilton, James B.; Hamilton, Ruth S.; Mestler, Gordon E.

doi:10.1093/geronj/24.4.427

Cited by 66 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Sex hormones are the first example and in particular the removal of testosterone at young ages has been demonstrated to increase lifespan in mammals 71 and in humans, as supported by the Korean population of eunuchs 72 . In male, there is a trade-off between immune investment and traits that improve competitive success, which has driven genetic variation in genes involved in testosterone levels during human evolution.…”

Section: The Genetics Of Human Longevity and Sexual Dimorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Human Longevity Within an Eco-Evolutionary Nature-Nurture Framework

Giuliani

Garagnani

Franceschi

2018

Circulation Research

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Genetics of human longevity within an eco-evolutionary nature-nurture framework. -Circulation Research 2018 ; 123(7) : 745-772.The final published version is available online at: https://www.ahajournals.org/ ABSTRACTHuman longevity is a complex trait, and to disentangle its basis has a great theoretical and practical consequence for biomedicine. The genetics of human longevity is still poorly understood, despite a number of investigations that used different strategies and protocols. Here we argue that such rather disappointing harvest is largely due to the extraordinary complexity of the longevity phenotype in humans. The capability to reach the extreme decades of human lifespan appears to be the result of an intriguing mixture of geneenvironment interactions. Accordingly, the genetics of human longevity is here described as a highly context-dependent phenomenon, within a new integrated, ecological and evolutionary perspective, and is presented as a dynamic process, both historically and individually. The available literature has been scrutinized within this perspective, paying particular attention to factors (sex, individual biography, family, population ancestry, social structure, economic status and education, among others) that have been relatively neglected. The strength and limitations of the most powerful and used tools, such as GWAS and whole-genome sequencing, have been discussed, focusing on prominently emerged genes and regions, such as APOE, FOXO3, IL-6, IGF-1, chromosome 9p21, 5q33.3 and somatic mutations among others. The major results of this approach suggest that: i) the genetics of longevity is highly population-specific; ii) small-effect alleles, pleiotropy and the "complex allele timing" likely play a major role; iii) genetic risk factors are age-specific and need to be integrated in the light of the geroscience perspective; iv) a close relationship between genetics of longevity and genetics of age-related diseases (especially cardiovascular diseases) do exist. Finally, the urgent need of a global approach to the largely unexplored interactions between the three genetics of human body, i.e. nuclear, mitochondrial and microbiomes, is stressed. We surmise that the comprehensive approach here presented will help in increasing the above-mentioned harvest.

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Section: The Genetics Of Human Longevity and Sexual Dimorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Human Longevity Within an Eco-Evolutionary Nature-Nurture Framework

Giuliani

Garagnani

Franceschi

2018

Circulation Research

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“…Existing references with survival data are outdated or use age at postmortem examination at a referral hospital, neither of which provide accurate clinical information in the subpopulation of well-cared-for pet cats with hyperthyroidism. 2,3 Long-term survival of cats that are already old enough to develop old-age-related health problems such as hyperthyroidism is unknown. Two articles report survival in a longer-term context, the 1st with a mean of 13 months of follow-up after treatment and the 2nd with a median follow-up period of 24 months.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Health and Predictors of Survival for Hyperthyroid Cats Treated with Iodine 131

2001

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Two hundred thirty-one cats treated with radioactive iodine at the Texas Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital were followed for a median of 25 months by means of an ambidirectional (prospective, retrospective) cohort study design. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine predictors of survival based on data at the time of hyperthyroid diagnosis (collected retrospectively) and found that only age at diagnosis and sex of the cat were predictors of survival. Increasing age (for each year of age, relative risk [RR] ϭ 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] ϭ 1.1-1.3) and being male (RR ϭ 0.68, 95% CI ϭ 0.5-0.9) increased likelihood of death. Tables predicting survival after diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism for various age and sex combinations were created. In addition, Cox proportional hazard models were run with all data available at the end of the study (collected retrospectively and prospectively) including number and type of major health problems reported at the time of death or censoring. In this model, significant factors were age at diagnosis, sex, and either type of major health problem or number of health problems. Cats with renal disease or cancer were more likely not to survive and increasing from none to 2 health problems also decreased survival. Renal problems and cancer were the most common health problems at the time of death or censoring. This study provides estimates of duration of survival for cats successfully treated for hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine, which can be useful in assisting with client treatment decisions.Key words: Cancer; Renal disease; Survival analysis.C ats have recently become the most popular pet in the United States, 1 and are increasingly well cared for with improved nutrition and more frequent veterinary care. Little is known about the life expectancy and most common causes of death of this population of well-cared-for pet cats. Existing references with survival data are outdated or use age at postmortem examination at a referral hospital, neither of which provide accurate clinical information in the subpopulation of well-cared-for pet cats with hyperthyroidism. 2,3 Long-term survival of cats that are already old enough to develop old-age-related health problems such as hyperthyroidism is unknown. Two articles report survival in a longer-term context, the 1st with a mean of 13 months of follow-up after treatment and the 2nd with a median follow-up period of 24 months. 4,5 The primary focus of these articles was short-term treatment success of hyperthyroidism. Short-term information about the cats in this article has been published previously. 6 The ability to provide owners with information about expected life span of an older cat with hyperthyroidism would be valuable. The objectives of this study were to examine the survival of a cohort of older, hyperthyroid-treated cats based on data available at the time of diagnosis of hyperthyroidism to provide numerical estimates of expected survival for use in decision-making at the time of diagnosis; and t...

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“…The longevity of pet cats has been stud ied by Hamilton, Hamilton, and Mestler (1969). The maximum length of life of such animals was approximately 22 years.…”

Section: A Catsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stara and Berman (1967) have developed housing pro cedures for cats that minimize the prob lem of infectious diseases. The literature on the age-associated pathology of cats is not extensive, but pathologic findings from a study of aged pet cats have been published (Hamilton et al, 1969). The ef fects of the social environment have not been addressed in long-term studies with cats but should be in future studies.…”

Section: A Catsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models in Aging Research

Masoro¹

1990

Handbook of the Biology of Aging

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Duration of Life and Causes of Death in Domestic Cats: Influence of Sex, Gonadectomy, and Inbreeding

Cited by 66 publications

References 0 publications

Genetics of Human Longevity Within an Eco-Evolutionary Nature-Nurture Framework

Genetics of Human Longevity Within an Eco-Evolutionary Nature-Nurture Framework

Long-Term Health and Predictors of Survival for Hyperthyroid Cats Treated with Iodine 131

Animal Models in Aging Research

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