Duration of the Action of Different Insulins

Gerritzen, F

doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4752.249

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…21 To prevent this counterregulatory reaction induced by the insulin-induced hypoglycemia, in the "Gerritzen's test" the subjects take in carbohydrates at regular intervals (biscuits or mashed potatoes; 10 g of carbohydrates/h). 22 This measure prevents hypoglycemia, but may stimulate endogenous insulin production, an effect that might invalidate the interpretation of the insulin concentrations measured in these experiments. This test is limited to the investigation of pharmacokinetic properties of insulin preparations only, since the blood glucose concentration varies continuously.…”

Section: Direct Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Insulin Absorption and Insulin Action

Heinemann

Anderson

2004

Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics

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For the practical implementation of every type of insulin therapy it is necessary to know both the time course of action of therapeutically used short- and long-acting insulin preparations and the factors influencing such time-action profiles. The only reliable way to obtain the required quantitative information about the pharmacokinetic and glucodynamic properties of insulin preparations has been the use of the euglycemic glucose clamp technique. The first studies with each new insulin formulation or insulin application technique should be performed with healthy subjects in order to have the most comparable study conditions. Thereafter, results from such clinical-experimental studies should be verified in similar studies with patients with diabetes. Earlier investigational approaches, which either had been limited to the determination of the pharmacokinetic properties of insulin preparations or had used the quantitative decrease of the blood glucose level as a measure of the pharmacodynamic properties, do not provide valid quantitative results. The proposed glucose clamp technique makes possible the quantitative study of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of insulin preparations under comparative and reproducible conditions.

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Section: Direct Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Insulin Absorption and Insulin Action

Heinemann

Anderson

2004

Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics

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“…The earliest method for classifying therapeutic insulins was based on duration of action [16,17]. More recently, therapeutic insulinsparticularly those providing basal coveragehave been classified by generation [18,19] in order to more effectively highlight the evolving therapeutic landscape.…”

Section: Classifying Insulinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin Therapy for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review of Innovative Treatment Strategies

Nkonge,

Nkonge

2023

Diabetes Ther

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The discovery of insulin was presented to the international medical community on May 3, 1922. Since then, insulin has become one of the most effective pharmacological agents used to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the initiation and intensification of insulin therapy is often delayed in people living with type 2 diabetes due to numerous challenges associated with daily subcutaneous administration. Reducing the frequency of injections, using insulin pens instead of syringes and vials, simplifying treatment regimens, or administering insulin through alternative routes may help improve adherence to and persistence with insulin therapy among people living with diabetes. As the world commemorates the centennial of the commercialization of insulin, the aims of this article are to provide an overview of insulin therapy and to summarize clinically significant findings from phase 3 clinical trials evaluating less frequent dosing of insulin and the non-injectable administration of insulin.

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“…The first commercial extended-action insulin was protamine zinc insulin (PZI), produced by crystallizing insulin with zinc in the presence of the basic poly-arginine peptide protamine [3,[5][6][7]. This was followed, in 1950, by neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, the first intermediate-acting insulin; it had a shorter duration of action than PZI and could be combined with soluble, regular, short-acting insulin [3,8,9]. From the mid-1950s, a series of insulins with different time-activity characteristics (ultralente, lente, and semilente) were produced by altering the amount of zinc in the formulation and capitalizing on the different solubilities of porcine and bovine insulins [3,[10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: The Evolving Saga Of Basal Insulin Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%