Duration, time constant, and decay of the linear motion aftereffect as a function of inspection duration

Hershenson, Maurice

doi:10.3758/bf03210704

Cited by 67 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…We see both a logarithmic increase in adaptation with action repetition and a logarithmic decrease with ISI, inconsistent with a simple priming effect, but consistent with studies investigating the dynamics of tilt (Magnussen & Johnsen, 1986), motion (Hershenson, 1989), face identity (Leopold, Rhodes, Muller, & Jeffery, 2005), face configuration (Rhodes et al, 2007), and biological motion aftereffects (Troje et al, 2006). As the dynamics of the hand action aftereffect follows this classic time course, it suggests that the adapted mechanism is perceptual in nature and neither an artifact of subject behavior during the experimental task, nor perhaps due to other postperceptual mechanisms.…”

Section: Hand Action Adaptation Dynamicssupporting

confidence: 83%

Visual Adaptation to Goal-directed Hand Actions

Barraclough

Keith

Xiao

et al. 2009

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Abstract& Prolonged exposure to visual stimuli, or adaptation, often results in an adaptation ''aftereffect'' which can profoundly distort our perception of subsequent visual stimuli. This technique has been commonly used to investigate mechanisms underlying our perception of simple visual stimuli, and more recently, of static faces. We tested whether humans would adapt to movies of hands grasping and placing different weight objects. After adapting to hands grasping light or heavy objects, subsequently perceived objects appeared relatively heavier, or lighter, respectively. The aftereffects increased logarithmically with adaptation action repetition and decayed logarithmically with time. Adaptation aftereffects also indicated that perception of actions relies predominantly on view-dependent mechanisms. Adapting to one action significantly influenced the perception of the opposite action. These aftereffects can only be explained by adaptation of mechanisms that take into account the presence/absence of the object in the hand. We tested if evidence on action processing mechanisms obtained using visual adaptation techniques confirms underlying neural processing. We recorded monkey superior temporal sulcus (STS) single-cell responses to hand actions. Cells sensitive to grasping or placing typically responded well to the opposite action; cells also responded during different phases of the actions. Cell responses were sensitive to the view of the action and were dependent upon the presence of the object in the scene. We show here that action processing mechanisms established using visual adaptation parallel the neural mechanisms revealed during recording from monkey STS. Visual adaptation techniques can thus be usefully employed to investigate brain mechanisms underlying action perception. &

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Section: Hand Action Adaptation Dynamicssupporting

confidence: 83%

Visual Adaptation to Goal-directed Hand Actions

Barraclough

Keith

Xiao

et al. 2009

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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“…We term this relationship the duration scaling law, and it has been confirmed in prior work that measured contrast detection, the tilt aftereffect, the motion aftereffect, and adaptation that results from viewing a face (4,(12)(13)(14). These studies used short durations, generally a few minutes in length.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Distinct mechanism for long-term contrast adaptation

Bao

Engel

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

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To optimize perception, neurons in the visual system adapt to the current environment. What determines the durability of this plasticity? Longer exposures to an environment produce longer-lasting effects, which could be due to either (i) a single mechanism controlling adaptation that gains strength over time, or (ii) long-term mechanisms that become active after long-term exposure. Using recently developed technology, we tested adaptation durations an order of magnitude greater that those tested previously, and used a "deadaptation" procedure to reveal effects of a unique long-term mechanism in the longest adaptation periods. After 4 h of contrast adaptation, human observers were exposed to natural images for 15 min, which completely cancelled perceptual aftereffects of adaptation. Strikingly, during continued testing this deadaptation faded, and the original adaptation effects reappeared. This pattern strongly suggests that adaptation was maintained in a distinct long-term mechanism, whereas deadaptation affected a short-term mechanism.orientation | deprivation | adult neuroplasticity T he visual system continually adapts to the current environment to improve its function. Neurons in the retina and visual cortex, for example, decrease their sensitivity after prolonged exposure to a high contrast environment (for reviews, see refs. 1 and 2). Such adaptation is hypothesized to increase the efficiency of neural coding by bringing responses down from ceiling levels and allowing neurons to respond differentially to the high contrast values that are the most likely stimuli in that environment. Because adaptation effects are both large and common in the natural world, understanding them is a key component of any account of visual function (3).Effects of contrast adaptation are evident almost immediately after onset of an adapting stimulus but get stronger and longerlasting as the adaptation period grows in duration. This duration scaling law has been observed for both firing rates of retinal ganglion cells and contrast detection measurements of human observers (4, 5).How the visual system produces these temporal dynamics remains the subject of debate (Fig. 1). One theory proposes that a single neural mechanism controls contrast adaptation at multiple time-scales (putting aside extremely rapid effects that occur within 100-200 ms; refs. 5 and 6). As the adapting period grows longer, this mechanism increases its confidence in its estimates of the current environment. Increased confidence, in turn, produces stronger adaptation effects and also increases the evidence required to convince the system that the environment has changed back to its original state, yielding longer-lasting aftereffects.Alternatively, contrast adaptation might be controlled by multiple neural mechanisms, each tuned to a different preferred timescale (7,8). As the adapting period grows longer, mechanisms tuned to longer timescales exert increased control over adaptation. The dynamics of such mechanisms would most naturally operate at similar long t...

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“…For example, most aftereffects display interocular transfer if the adapting and test eye are different (Gibson 1937;Wade et al 1993), exhibit storage across blank periods (Spigel 1960;Thompson & Movshon 1978), and are restricted to confined spatial zones in the visual field (Gibson 1937;Anstis & Gregory 1965). Also, aftereffects have a finite duration that depends upon adaptor strength and exposure time (Gibson & Radner 1937;Wolfe 1984;Magnussen & Greenlee 1987;Hershenson 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamics of visual adaptation to faces

Rhodes²,

et al. 2005

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Several recent demonstrations using visual adaptation have revealed high-level aftereffects for complex patterns including faces. While traditional aftereffects involve perceptual distortion of simple attributes such as orientation or colour that are processed early in the visual cortical hierarchy, face adaptation affects perceived identity and expression, which are thought to be products of higher-order processing. And, unlike most simple aftereffects, those involving faces are robust to changes in scale, position and orientation between the adapting and test stimuli. These differences raise the question of how closely related face aftereffects are to traditional ones. Little is known about the build-up and decay of the face aftereffect, and the similarity of these dynamic processes to traditional aftereffects might provide insight into this relationship. We examined the effect of varying the duration of both the adapting and test stimuli on the magnitude of perceived distortions in face identity. We found that, just as with traditional aftereffects, the identity aftereffect grew logarithmically stronger as a function of adaptation time and exponentially weaker as a function of test duration. Even the subtle aspects of these dynamics, such as the power-law relationship between the adapting and test durations, closely resembled that of other aftereffects. These results were obtained with two different sets of face stimuli that differed greatly in their low-level properties. We postulate that the mechanisms governing these shared dynamics may be dissociable from the responses of feature-selective neurons in the early visual cortex.

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Duration, time constant, and decay of the linear motion aftereffect as a function of inspection duration

Cited by 67 publications

References 21 publications

Visual Adaptation to Goal-directed Hand Actions

Visual Adaptation to Goal-directed Hand Actions

Distinct mechanism for long-term contrast adaptation

The dynamics of visual adaptation to faces

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