Durian Fruits Discovered as Superior Folate Sources

Striegel, Lisa; Chebib, Soraya; Dumler, Caroline; Lu, Yuyun; Huang, Dejian; Rychlik, Michael

doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00114

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…from Striegel et al (2018b), Brown bread from Ringling and Rychlik (2013), Spinach (Spinacia sp.) (Ringling and Rychlik, 2013), Durian (Durio zibethinus) from Striegel et al (2018a), Calf liver from Ringling and Rychlik (2017a), Yeast extract from Jacob et al (2019). would require about 400 g dried biomass (Figure 6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microalgae a Superior Source of Folates: Quantification of Folates in Halophile Microalgae by Stable Isotope Dilution Assay

Woortman

Fuchs

Striegel

et al. 2020

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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A multitude of human nutritional supplements based on Chlorella vulgaris biomass has recently been introduced to the specialty food market. In this study, an analysis of total folate contents in Chlorella sp. and a series of marine microalgae was conducted to evaluate folate content in alternative algae-based food production strains. For the first time, total folate content and vitamer distribution in microalgae were analyzed by stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) using LC-MS/MS, which has demonstrated its superiority with respect to folate quantification. Consistently, high folate contents were detected in all examined microalgae samples. High folate concentrations of 3,460 ± 134 µg/100 g dry biomass were detected in freshly cultivated Chlorella vulgaris, notably also in other well-researched microalgae strains. To that end, the highest folate content currently documented for any algae sample was measured in the marine microalgae Picochlorum sp. isolate with values of 6,470 ± 167 µg/100 g dry biomass. This calls for alternative products based on other algae biomass. Our data indicate that freshwater and marine microalgae provide extremely high concentrations of folates, which warrant further studies on the regulation of pteroylpolyglutamates in algae as well as on bioaccessibility, absorption, and retention in humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microalgae a Superior Source of Folates: Quantification of Folates in Halophile Microalgae by Stable Isotope Dilution Assay

Woortman

Fuchs

Striegel

et al. 2020

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…When the pathway has been elucidated, a closer look at the specifity of the enzymes involved might reveal why the ethionine/ethanethiol biosynthesis is so unique to durian fruit. Another interesting question is whether there is a biochemical link between the presence of ethionine and the high folate levels in durian …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of an Important Odorant Precursor in Durian: First Evidence of Ethionine in Plants

Fischer

Steinhaus

2019

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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On the basis of the following data from the literature, we hypothesized the presence of ethionine in durian pulp:(1) the major odorants in terms of quantity as well as odor potency in durian pulp are ethanethiol and its derivatives; (2) genome analysis of durian assigned methionine γ-lyase (MGL), the enzyme that converts methionine to methanethiol, a key role for durian odor formation; and (3) MGL accepts not only methionine but also ethionine as a substrate. A targeted search by liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry allowed us to confirm the presence of ethionine in durian pulp. Quantitation of ethionine in samples of different varieties (Monthong, Krathum, Chanee, and Kanyao) showed concentrations (621−9600 μg/kg) in the same range but below the methionine concentrations (16100−30200 μg/kg). During fruit ripening, the ethionine concentration increased as well as the ethanethiol concentration. Final evidence for the role of ethionine as an ethanethiol precursor was provided by demonstrating the formation of ( 2 H 5 )ethanethiol after adding ( 2 H 5 )ethionine to durian pulp. KEYWORDS: durian, Durio zibethinus, ethionine, 2-amino-4-(ethylsulfanyl)butanoic acid, ethanethiol, methionine γ-lyase, ( 2 H 5 )ethionine, 2-amino-4-[( 2 H 5 )ethylsulfanyl]butanoic acid, spiking experiment, odorant precursor

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“…This content is surprisingly high for a tropical fruit. However, it cannot outcompete the folate concentration in the “king of fruits” Durian, with up to 440 µg/100 g total folate [31]. Moreover, several indigenous fruits and vegetables have not been analyzed before or have been analyzed using error-prone methods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promising Tropical Fruits High in Folates

Striegel

Weber

Dumler

et al. 2019

Foods

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As the popularity of tropical fruits has been increasing consistently during the last few decades, nutritional and health-related data about these fruits have been gaining more and more interest. Therefore, we analyzed 35 samples of tropical fruits and vegetables with respect to folate content and vitamer distribution in this study. The fruits and vegetables were selected by their availability in German supermarkets and were grouped according to their plant family. All fruits and vegetables were lyophilized and analyzed by stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results vary from 7.82 ± 0.17 µg/100 g in the horned melon to 271 ± 3.64 µg/100 g in the yellow passion fruit. The yellow passion fruit is a good source for meeting the recommended requirements, as just 110 g are needed to cover the recommended daily intake of 300 µg folate for adults; however, longan fruits, okras, pete beans, papayas, mangos, jack fruits, and feijoas are also good sources of folates. In conclusion, the study gives a good overview of the total folate content in a broad range of tropical fruits and vegetables and shows that some of these fruits definitely have the potential to improve the supply of this critical vitamin.

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Durian Fruits Discovered as Superior Folate Sources

Cited by 23 publications

References 14 publications

Microalgae a Superior Source of Folates: Quantification of Folates in Halophile Microalgae by Stable Isotope Dilution Assay

Microalgae a Superior Source of Folates: Quantification of Folates in Halophile Microalgae by Stable Isotope Dilution Assay

Identification of an Important Odorant Precursor in Durian: First Evidence of Ethionine in Plants

Promising Tropical Fruits High in Folates

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