Dust characterization and analysis in Tore-Supra

Survey of dust formed in the TEXTOR tokamak: structure and fuel retention

“…Since then several comprehensive dust surveys have been carried out on the occasion of major shut-downs which gave access to all in-vessel components. Studies have also been done in ASDEX-Upgrade [15], Tore Supra [16,17], JT-60 [18] and in JET [4], where a large amount (approx. 100 g) of loose carbon flakes have been retrieved from one octant of the machine.…”

“…[2,16]. In present day machines, the release of dust into the plasma is not considered as a serious operational or safety issue.…”

Explosibility of fine graphite and tungsten dusts and their mixtures

“…The dusts produced in the existing fusion machines have been analyzed byCarmack, McCarthy, Petti, Kellman, and Wong (1998) ;Peacock, Andrew, Cetier, Coad, Federici, Hurd et al (1999), Kolbasov, Kukushkin, Rantsev-Kartinov, and Romanov (2000); Carmack, Anderl, Pawelko, Galen, Smolik, and McCarthy (2000); Kolbasov, Alimov, Gureev, Domantovskij, Khimchenko et al (2001) ;Federici, Skinner, Brooks, Coad, Grisolia, Haasz, et al (2001); Chappuis, Tsitrone, Mayne, Armand, Linke, Bolt et al (2001); Romanov, Kolbasov, Alimov, Gureev, Domantovskij, Khimchenko et al (2002), Sharpe, Petti, and Bartels (2002); Sharpe (2003). These dusts are rather fine, the characteristic particle size range from several tenths to several tens of micron; however, some data are reported on the dusts of several nanometer particle size.…”

Dust and powder in fusion plasmas: recent developments in theory, modeling, and experiments

“…Inspection of the plasma facing components (PFCs) during ventilation events also revealed the presence of a large amount of dust particles of different sizes, shapes, and composition. This marked the beginning of systematic investigation of dust in magnetic fusion devices; in the TEXTOR tokamak (Winter 1998) followed by studies from the JET (Peacock et al 1999), TFTR, DIII-D, Alcator C-Mod (Carmack et al 2000), Tore-Supra (Chappuis et al 2001), and ASDEX-Upgrade (Sharpe 2001;Rohde et al 2009) tokamaks. The results of such "postmortem" analysis of dust showed a whole "zoo" of dust particles with sizes ranging from sub-mm to 100's of nm, see Fig.…”