Dust entrainment in photoevaporative winds: Synthetic observations of transition disks

Abstract

Context. X-ray-and extreme-ultraviolet-(XEUV-) driven photoevaporative winds acting on protoplanetary disks around young T-Tauri stars may strongly impact disk evolution, affecting both gas and dust distributions. Small dust grains in the disk are entrained in the outflow and may produce a detectable signal. In this work, we investigate the possibility of detecting dusty outflows from transition disks with an inner cavity. Aims. We compute dust densities for the wind regions of XEUV-irradiated transition disks and determine whether they can be observed at wavelengths 0.7 λ obs [µm] 1.8 with current instrumentation. Methods. We simulated dust trajectories on top of 2D hydrodynamical gas models of two transition disks with inner holes of 20 and 30 AU, irradiated by both X-ray and EUV spectra from a central T-Tauri star. The trajectories and two different settling prescriptions for the dust distribution in the underlying disk were used to calculate wind density maps for individual grain sizes. Finally, the resulting dust densities were converted to synthetic observations in scattered and polarised light. Results. For an XEUV-driven outflow around a M * = 0.7 M T-Tauri star with LX = 2 • 10 30 erg/s, we find dust massloss rates Ṁdust 2.0 • 10 −3 Ṁgas, and if we invoke vertical settling, the outflow is quite collimated. The synthesised images exhibit a distinct chimney-like structure. The relative intensity of the chimneys is low, but their detection may still be feasible with current instrumentation under optimal conditions. Conclusions. Our results motivate observational campaigns aimed at the detection of dusty photoevaporative winds in transition disks using JWST NIRCam and SPHERE IRDIS.

Toward a population synthesis of disks and planets

“…While the analytical work of Facchini et al (2016) sheds some light on these questions, it would be highly useful to run numerical simulations of multidimensional disks subject to external photoevaporation including embedded dust particles, similar to the works of Hutchison et al (2016), Franz et al (2020), and Franz et al (2022a, which address pure internal evaporation. For internal photoevaporation, Franz et al (2022b) found potentially observable cone or chimney-like features, which are more pronounced if the dust is considered as settled. Thus, observations in scattered and polarized light will also help to answer those questions.…”