Dutiful Subjects, Patriotic Citizens, and the Concept of ‘Good Citizenship’ in Twentieth-Century Tanzania

Hunter, Emma

doi:10.1017/s0018246x12000623

Cited by 30 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The binary split in the nature reserve's regulations was part of a larger set of governing practices throughout Tanzania, one that structured a “differentiated terrain of citizenship” (Phillips 2018, 14). Tanzanians’ uneven relationships to state institutions along asymmetries of geography, race, class, and gender are well documented (Becker 2019; Brennan 2012; Dancer 2015; Glassman 1995; Hodgson 2017; Hunter 2013). They compose, moreover, an important theme in scholarly debates about citizenship in Africa more generally (e.g., Hunter 2016; Mamdani 1996).…”

Section: Differentiated Citizenshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negotiating expendability in crisis

Pouchet

2022

American Ethnologist

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What do people rendered expendable through biopolitical categories do to survive them? When governments classify types of work according to ideologies of essentiality and excess, such as in response to crisis, they construct biopolitical categories that render some livelihoods untenable. Such a politics interacts with existing terrains of inequitable citizenship, pushing some to what feels like the precipice of expendability—a place from which they must skillfully negotiate permission to continue to make ends meet. On the borders of a protected forest in Tanzania, many sources of income have been outlawed in the name of biodiversity conservation. To cope, village residents navigate environmental regulations through their conversations with the enforcers of forest laws. In these conversations they co‐construct narratives in ways that manipulate the boundaries of regulatory categories. In doing so, village residents are creative legal and moral actors who can locate their prohibited activities—and themselves—in the realm of permissibility. [biopolitics, conservation, forests, rural, subsistence, enforcement, Tanzania]

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Section: Differentiated Citizenshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negotiating expendability in crisis

Pouchet

2022

American Ethnologist

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“…Here, I ask how the discursive and economic centring of foreign visitors' experiences of discomfort and confusion in public may impact on-going struggles for access to urban public space in Arusha (Hunter, 2013;Namwata and Mgabo, 2012). I suggest a way to understand this by tracing a connection between often confusing public encounters, the narratives and stereotypes used to understand them and how these stereotypes gain traction in the Arusha municipality's visions and plans to create a new "Eco-Tourism Capital of East Africa".…”

Section: Confusing and Discomfiting Encountersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foreigners, fakes and flycatchers: stereotypes, social encounters and the problem of discomfort on the street in Arusha, Tanzania

Loeng

2020

IJCTHR

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Purpose This paper aims to contribute to research on the interrelations between urban tourism, travelling and landscapes. It shows how young visitors to the tourism-reliant city of Arusha, northern Tanzania, experience and interpret discomfiting encounters with street sellers by drawing on stereotypes circulating in guidebooks, online forums and in the tourism industry. In turn, such re-interpreted encounters are increasingly seen as problematic for the city’s development of urban tourism. Design/methodology/approach The author draws on extensive ethnographic fieldwork with tourist-product street sellers in Arusha and Moshi, Tanzania in 2015–2017. With detail-oriented focus on social interaction and communication, the author has used participant observation and interviews to understand the perspectives and actions involved. Complementing this, the author draws on interviews with tour companies and local authorities to connect everyday occurrences with broader political, economic and urban transformations. Findings This paper explores the interrelation between changing urban landscapes, gentrification and burgeoning urban tourism by highlighting not only how streets are created and sought to be re-created but how also re-interpreted stories and stereotypes fundamentally influence how it is understood by local authorities. As the consumption of place, shopping and foreigners’ experiences take centre stage in Arusha’s urban development project, practices and people that are re-interpreted as causes of discomfort, become objects of ordering and discipline. Originality/value This paper emphasizes that the social encounters beyond dichotomies of host–guest relationships are a fruitful and important means of investigating how “encounters” connect space to power, the street to urban planning and mundane on-the-street interactions to processes of transformation and gentrification. This paper presents a reading of “landscapes” not as a text, but as a series of encounters that catch our attention when and where they break our norms, or the norms of others.

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“…What explains this strong aversion to acting cooperatively in Tanzania when ethnic identities are revealed? As described more comprehensively elsewhere (Branch and Cheeseman 2010, 245; Brennan 2012; Hunter 2013), Tanzanian political culture has throughout its history been exposed to a counter-narrative running against ethnic attachments or loyalties, going so far as to view them as uncivic—a trend with strong contrasts to Kenya. Political equality was an integral part of first independence leader Julius Nyerere's vision, and was used alongside an “African socialist” concept of familyhood, which worked to weaken ethnic ties and instead promote a republican spirit of citizenship (Yeager 1982).…”

Section: Ethnicity Integrity and Trustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trust, Ethnicity and Integrity in East Africa: Experimental Evidence from Kenya and Tanzania

Burbidge

Cheeseman

2017

J. Race Ethnicity Politics

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Political economy comparisons of Kenya and Tanzania have often found the political salience of ethnicity to be far higher in the former than the latter, with a negative impact on intercommunal trust. This difference has tended to be explained on the basis of the different kinds of leadership that the two countries experienced after independence. However, these findings have typically been demonstrated using aggregate or survey data. This paper assesses the salience of ethnicity at the individual level for the first time, deploying monetized two-round trust games in urban Kenya and Tanzania. The experimental games isolate the comparative impact of common knowledge of ethnicity and integrity among a quasi-random selection of 486 citizens. Verifying previous findings, we observe higher levels of trust and trustworthiness in Tanzania as compared with Kenya. Further, in comparison with Kenya, any shared knowledge of ethnic identities in Tanzania leads players to transfer fewer resources, while common knowledge that both players are "honest" led to higher transfers there than in Kenya. These results provide robust evidence of higher levels of trust in Tanzania, and of the negative effect in that country of common knowledge of ethnicity on levels of cooperation. The findings demonstrate the way in which political context can shape the impact of ethnic diversity, and encourage further experimental research that looks at the intersubjective dynamics of social cooperation.

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Dutiful Subjects, Patriotic Citizens, and the Concept of ‘Good Citizenship’ in Twentieth-Century Tanzania

Cited by 30 publications

References 19 publications

Negotiating expendability in crisis

Negotiating expendability in crisis

Foreigners, fakes and flycatchers: stereotypes, social encounters and the problem of discomfort on the street in Arusha, Tanzania

Trust, Ethnicity and Integrity in East Africa: Experimental Evidence from Kenya and Tanzania

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