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Abstract

Anti-diabetic medications, like insulin and glucagon-like peptide1(GLP-1) and its analogues are critical for diabetics to maintain blood glucose control. The difficulty of current insulin-based therapies for Type I & II diabetes mellitus, as well as the risks connected with fluctuations in blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia), served as the impetus for the establishment of "smart insulin" technology (glucose-responsive insulin; GRI). Insulin-dependent diabetes can be treated with glucose-responsive nanoparticles, a promising technology. The creation of nanoparticles of diverse sizes, features, and compositions allows for a variety of drug-delivery activities. When combined with a glucose measuring unit, this technology can give exogenous insulin more dependably and painlessly than conventional treatment. Nanoparticles made of polymers that are biocompatible and degradable have been created. These nanoparticles shield insulin from oxidation and make it easier for insulin to enter cells via a paracellular or transcellular pathway, whether or not they are linked to the nanoparticles. These techniques can potentially dramatically increase drug administration under controlled conditions, bioavailability, prolonged half-life, and clinical efficacy. The use of recent advancements in polymer chemistry and nanotechnology to a variety of forms and delivery techniques for the efficient and secure administration of insulin for the management of diabetes mellitus will be covered in this review.