Dyeability of Nomex® Aramid Yarn

Moore, R.A.F.; Weigmann, H.-D.

doi:10.1177/004051758605600405

Cited by 35 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…For aramid fibers, there are only publications dealing with their interaction with substances in a non-aqueous medium [ 13,16]. Pure anhydrous solvents, with or without carriers, are not used in industrial dyeings, only their mixtures with water.…”

Section: Influence Of Carrier On Fiber Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Carrier Effect in the m-Aramid Fiber/Cationic Dye/Benzyl Alcohol System

Nechwatal

Rossbach

1999

Textile Research Journal

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Studies with benzyl alcohol and other substances (acetophenone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide) interacting with poly( m -phenylene isophthalamide) fibers have shown that the carrier effect in the dyeing process takes place through a balanced combination of several factors. For a substance acting as a carrier, the distribution equilibrium must be on the side of the fiber. This is the case if the substance has only a limited hydrophilicity, indicated by a low solubility of the carrier in the dyeing liquor. In order to be effective, it is not sufficient that the sorption of the carrier takes place only in the interior of the fiber; it must also take place on the fiber surface. If the carrier layer on the fiber surface is removed, the dye uptake rate decreases. An optimal carrier effect is accompanied by an increase in the degree of crystallinity and changes in the mechanical properties (decreased tensile strength and elongation at break, as well as increased Young's modulus). When combined with the carrier substance, water is also able to enhance the dye uptake rate (co-carrier). Electrolytes do not influence the sorption of carrier.During the last decades, many reviews (Piedmont Section [20], E16d [2], and Hendrix [6J) and original works have been published (especially Ingamells et al. [3-5, 8-12] and Herlinger et al. [7]) on the effect of dyeing accelerants, which are usually called carriers.Ingamells et al. explained the carrier effect by the free volume theory: Dye diffusion depends on the segmental mobility of the polymer chains, which in turn depends on the glass transition temperature T~, being an essential characteristic of viscoelastic behavior. Carriers decrease the glass transition temperature and therefore act as plasticizing agents. A dyeing transition temperature Td occurs under dyeing conditions. Dye uptake depends on the plasticization state of the fiber and rises sharply at T~.There is a relationship between Td and T. [9,10].The distribution of the carrier between the liquor and the fiber plays a decisive role in reducing of T, and is dependent on the structure of the carrier. Equimolar sorptions cause equal effects regardless of the nature of the carrier [41, but there is no correlation between fiber swelling and the carrier effect. Actually, substances that cause only a small amount of swelling are the best plasticizing agents [4].Although equivalent concentrations of carrier (in the fiber) influence the dye diffusion rate to the same extent, the equilibrium dye uptake depends on the structure of the carrier. This fact has been attributed to a specific interaction between the different carriers and dyestuffs in the fiber interior [11,12].In some studies on dyeing polyacrylonitrile fibers with basic dyes, Ingamells et al. used the carrier benzyl alcohol, which is important for poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) fibers [5]. Herlinger et al. [7] confirmed Ingamells' results on the carrier effect in a system of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers/disperse dyes. They also broadened these results w...

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Section: Influence Of Carrier On Fiber Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Carrier Effect in the m-Aramid Fiber/Cationic Dye/Benzyl Alcohol System

Nechwatal

Rossbach

1999

Textile Research Journal

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“…The thermal properties of the untreated and treated aramid fibre were measured in air by DSC on a CDR‐4P caloric analysis instrument (Cary Precision Instruments, China). The following conditions were adopted: temperature range 0–700 °C; scan rate 25 °C/min; differential thermal compensation range 120 mW; sampling temperature 100–350 °C .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide on the structure and dyeing properties of meta‐aramid and para‐aramid fibre

Lei

Mao

et al. 2014

Coloration Technology

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N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide has been widely used in the mosquito-repellent finishing of textiles over the past few decades, but the use of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide as a dye carrier for aramid dyeing with disperse dye has been seldom reported. Meanwhile, the application of aramid fibre in clothing is limited because it is difficult to dye. In this work, the effect of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide on the dyeing properties of aramid fibre was examined by measuring the percentage disperse dye exhaustion under different conditions. In order to understand the mechanism by which N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide promotes the exhaustion of disperse dye on aramid fibre, the ultraviolet-visible spectrum of the dye and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide solution, the glass transition temperature, the crystalline structure, and the degree of orientation of aramid fibre treated with N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide were measured by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis, and velocity-oriented tests respectively. The results indicated that N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide not only could reduce the glass transition temperature and degree of orientation of aramid fibre but could also improve the solubility of disperse dye in aqueous solution, and therefore could enhance the percentage disperse dye uptake on aramid fibre, whereas treatment with N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide showed little effect on the crystalline structure of aramid fibre. The results implied that N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide was beneficial to the diffusion of disperse dye molecules into the amorphous region of aramid fibre under the dyeing conditions, but seldom affected the mechanical properties of aramid fibre.

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“…It is assumed that high crystallinity and glass transition temperature as dyeing difficulty cause limitation of rendering biocidal 1,6,9,10) . Hence, only the surface of m-aramid might be halogenated instead of penetration through the fiber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Antimicrobial Efficacy of m-Aramid

Kim¹,

Park²,

Jung³

et al. 2009

Textile Coloration and Finishing

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-Poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide), m-aramid has no adjacent α-hydrogen of a nitrogen-halogen bond causes dehydrohalogenation. This fact proposes that m-aramid is one of good antimicrobial precursors. To enhance the surface area of m-aramid, electrospinning was employed. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) was conducted to inspect the morphology change of m-aramid. The surface area of regular and electrospun m-aramid was calculated. Swatch test was applied to measure antimicrobial activity of the samples. The results showed that within 10 min contact time the electrospun m-aramid inactivated Escherichia coli KCTC 1039 (Gram-negative bacteria) with 8 log reductions.

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Dyeability of Nomex® Aramid Yarn

Cited by 35 publications

References 4 publications

The Carrier Effect in the m-Aramid Fiber/Cationic Dye/Benzyl Alcohol System

The Carrier Effect in the m-Aramid Fiber/Cationic Dye/Benzyl Alcohol System

Effect of N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide on the structure and dyeing properties of meta‐aramid and para‐aramid fibre

Improved Antimicrobial Efficacy of m-Aramid

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