Dynamic Alterations in Yak Rumen Bacteria Community and Metabolome Characteristics in Response to Feed Type

Abstract

Current knowledge about the relationships between ruminal bacterial communities and metabolite profiles in the yak rumen is limited. This is due to differences in the nutritional and metabolic features between yak and other ordinary cattle combined with difficulties associated with farm-based research and a lack of technical guidance. A comprehensive analysis of the composition and alterations in ruminal metabolites is required to advance the development of modern yak husbandry. In the current study, we characterized the effect of feed type on the ruminal fluid microbiota and metabolites in yak using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the predominant bacterial phyla in the yak rumen. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Bacteroidales BS11 gut group, Prevotellaceae UCG-003, Ruminococcaceae UCG-011, Bacteroidales RF16 group and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 was significantly ( P < 0.01) higher in the forage group compared to that in the concentrate group, while the concentrate group harbored higher proportions of Bacteroidales S24-7 group, Ruminococcaceae NK4A214, Succiniclasticum and Ruminococcus 2 . Yak rumen metabolomics analysis combined with enrichment analysis revealed that feed type altered the concentrations of ruminal metabolites as well as the metabolic pattern, and significantly ( P < 0.01) affected the concentrations of ruminal metabolites involved in protein digestion and absorption (e.g., L-arginine, ornithine, L-threonine, L-proline and β-alanine), purine metabolism (e.g., xanthine, hypoxanthine, deoxyadenosine and deoxyadenosine monophosphate) and fatty acid biosynthesis (e.g., stearic acid, myristic acid and arachidonic acid). Correlation analysis of the association of microorganisms with metabolite features provides us with a comprehensive understanding of the composition and function of microbial communities. Associations between utilization or production were widely identified between affected microbiota and certain metabolites, and these findings will contribute to the direction of future research in yak.

Dynamic alterations in rumen bacterial community and metabolome characteristics in response to feed nutrient levels of cashmere goats

“…The main metabolites were amino acids, peptides and analogues in this study, which was consistent with the previous reports [43,60]. Amino acids in the rumen are the key precursors for protein and polypeptides synthesis and are mainly obtained from the dietary proteins and microproteins [61].…”

“…In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to assess the rumen bacterial community in SWCG. Liu et al [43] and Tapio et al [44] reported that the richness of the bacterial community were in uenced by diets. Our results also revealed low bacterial richness (ACE and Chao indices) with the increasing levels of dietary energy and protein, while no signi cant changes were detected in the bacterial diversity (Shannon and Simpson indices).…”

“…Furthermore, the enriched abundances of beta-alanine, arginine and proline metabolism in this study were related to their functions. Beta-alanine could be metabolized into acetic acid and its concentration is positively associated with the amount of starch and readily available carbohydrate [43]. Arginine and proline involved in RNA synthesis and protein glycosylation are necessary for cellular function [75].…”

Characterization of Anaerobic Rumen Fungal Community Composition in Yak, Tibetan Sheep and Small Tail Han Sheep Grazing on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

“…Small Tail Han sheep, which originated from low land [18], later adapted to the grazing lifestyle on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and became an indispensable species to the local life and economy [19]. Although a few studies have reported the rumen prokaryotic community from grazing yak, Tibetan sheep and Small Tail Han sheep [19][20][21][22][23], few studies have considered the rumen eukaryotic community composition of these three ruminant species, especially grazing under the same natural pasture. Thus, our prime aim of this study is to characterize the rumen fungal community of mainly grazing ruminant species (Yak, Tibetan sheep and Small Tail Han sheep) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, so as to identify the ruminal fungal strains that are prevalent in the rumen which may be associated with fiber degradation.…”

Seasonal Variation in Gut Microbiota Composition: Comparative Analysis of Siberian Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus) and Forest Musk Deer (Moschus berezovskii)

“…The α-diversity of the gut microbiota in FMD samples was signi cantly different in two seasons, and the diversity lower in winter than in summer (Shannon index: p<0.05; Chao index: p<0.05); meanwhile, the diversity of the gut microbiota in SMD samples was not signi cantly different between seasons. Many studies have shown that a number of factors have an impact on gut microbial diversity, such as host healthy, diet structure, and lifestyles [22,23,24]. Indeed, survival strategies are most important for wild populations with low energy intake and high energy consumption in winter.…”