Dynamic and equilibrium interfacial phenomena in liquid steel-slag systems

Chung, Yoonsun; Cramb, A. W.

doi:10.1007/s11663-000-0072-5

Cited by 146 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Chung and Cramb have reported the emulsification of metal droplets from "sessile" metal drop into the surrounding slag driven by Marangoni flow. 13) In the present experimental work metal droplets, eventually entrained or emulsified by Marangoni flow could not be distinguished from the droplets formed by gas bubbling.…”

Section: Effect Of Chemical Reaction Between Slag Andcontrasting

confidence: 56%

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Characteristics of Iron Entrainment into Slag Due to Rising Gas Bubbles

Han¹,

Holappa²

2003

ISIJ International

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Iron droplets can be entrained into the slag phase when gas bubbles pass through the molten iron/slag interface. The entrainment phenomena occurring during passage of single bubbles through the interface were investigated by using in-situ X-ray transmission (fluoroscopic) techniques and by collecting and measuring the entrained iron droplets. The effects of bubble size, interfacial tension and viscosity of the slag on the iron droplets entrainment were investigated. The results showed that the mass of the entrainment increased with the increasing bubble size, but decreased with increasing interfacial tension and slag viscosity. A dimensionless equation was proposed to describe the relation between the entrainment of metal into slag and the above-mentioned parameters. This information can be used to optimize heat and mass transfer processes e.g. in ladle metallurgy and to reduce the financial loss due to metal discard within the slag.KEY WORDS: entrainment; gas bubble; iron droplet; iron/slag interface. a bubble (typically 10-14 mm). The sharp edge of the hole on the downward side was ground smoothly by a diamond tool.In each typical experiment the furnace was preheated to 1 580°C, then an alumina crucible-capillary system and a graphite crucible were introduced into the furnace tube from the bottom and the top, respectively. The alumina crucible with 35 mm I.D. and 60 mm height contained 135 g iron sample. Four different alumina capillaries were used to produce bubbles with different size, their I.D./O.D. were 2/4, 1.6/3, 1/2 and 0.7/1.3 mm, respectively, all their length was 550 mm. The alumina plate was located inside the crucible above the iron charge. The graphite crucible with 35 mm I.D. and 65 mm height was filled with 55 g slag.After the furnace tube was purged by pure argon about 2 min, 90 % Ar plus 10 % H 2 mixture gas was introduced as protective atmosphere. The alumina crucible was moved upwards slowly to the high temperature zone, while the graphite crucible was moved gradually downwards to the furnace center. After the iron was partly melted and covered the mouth of the alumina capillary (the pressure curve appeared on the monitor screen), the graphite crucible was quickly moved downwards to be seated on the alumina crucible to melt the slag and allow it to flow onto the iron melt. The whole period of the crucible moving and materials melting took about one hour; during this period the gas flow rate from the capillary was very low (ϳ0.2 mL/min). After the iron and slag samples were totally melted, the alumina plate, with a density (about 3.8 g/cm 3 ) greater than the density of the slag (about 2.6-2.8 g/cm 3 ) but lower than that of liquid iron (about 7.1 g/cm 3 ), floated on the surface of the iron melt submerged in the liquid slag. When experiments with gas bubbles passing through the iron/slag interface were conducted both with and without the alumina plate, no significant differences were observed. When the gas flow rate was set to the proper value (normally, 1.7-5.0 mL/min), observation of the ...

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Section: Effect Of Chemical Reaction Between Slag Andcontrasting

confidence: 56%

“…After reevaluation of the experimental data, Chung and Cramb 13) expressed the surface tension of liquid iron containing oxygen at 1 550°C as:…”

Section: Effect Of Interfacial Tensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Iron Entrainment into Slag Due to Rising Gas Bubbles

Han¹,

Holappa²

2003

ISIJ International

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] Interfacial phenomena studies mainly focusing on Marangoni forces and interfacial tensions have also been dealt with extensively. [6][7][8][9][10] The potential drive for this extensive research is the importance of interfacial reactions in metallurgical process occurring during metal refining, degasification process, and slag entrapment. However, some issues with respect to the interfacial properties need to be addressed, viz.…”

Section: Numerous Investigations Have Been Carried Outmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Investigations into the Dynamic Mass Transfer at the Slag–Metal Interface Using Sulfur: Concept of Interfacial Velocity

Muhmood

Nurni

Seetharaman

2011

Metall Mater Trans B

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In the current work, dynamic studies of mass transfer of sulfur from the gas phase to the metal phase of pure iron through CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -FeO quaternary slag were carried out. X-ray videos were taken that were later processed to identify the oscillation of the metal drop occurring during the mass transfer. It was observed that the metal drop had hybrid oscillations. Each of these oscillations could be identified as composed of a symmetric and an asymmetric element, which was attributed to the changes in the shape of the droplet. The latter (asymmetric part) could be identified by the deviation of the left and right contact angles from the stable configuration. The symmetric oscillations were traced to the surface movement of sulfur at the interface, which created an instantaneous area change at the slag-metal interface. This area change was due to the combined effect of Marangoni flow and interface dilatation. The velocity of sulfur at the interface was calculated from the area change and had a maximum order of magnitude as 10 À4 m/s. It was also observed that the interfacial velocity increased with increase in temperature.

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“…[11][12][13][14] It is however known that under dynamic conditions the interface between phases can display significant perturbation in comparison to a relaxed planar state, and may even lead to emulsification. [15][16][17][18][19][20] A proper description of the slag/metal reaction necessitates an elucidation of the dynamic change of interfacial area and the coupling of this change to the interfacial reactions. As such this work intends to investigate the effects of refining performance on interface morphology between Fe alloys and slags where mixing of phases may intrinsically occur to reduce the kinetic restrictions of mass transfer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation into the Cause of Spontaneous Emulsification of a Free Steel Droplet; Validation of the Chemical Exchange Pathway

Spooner

Assis

Warnett

et al. 2016

Metall Mater Trans B

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Small Fe-based droplets have been heated to a molten phase suspended within a slag medium to replicate a partial environment within the basic oxygen furnace (BOF). The confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) has been used as a heating platform to interrogate the effect of impurities and their transfer across the metal/slag interface, on the emulsification of the droplet into the slag medium. The samples were then examined through X-ray computer tomography (XCT) giving the mapping of emulsion dispersion in 3D space, calculating the changing of interfacial area between the two materials, and changes of material volume due to material transfer between metal and slag. Null experiments to rule out thermal gradients being the cause of emulsification have been conducted as well as replication of the previously reported study by Assis et al. [1] which has given insights into the mechanism of emulsification. Finally chemical analysis was conducted to discover the transfer of oxygen to be the cause of emulsification, leading to a new study of a system with undergoing oxygen equilibration.

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Dynamic and equilibrium interfacial phenomena in liquid steel-slag systems

Cited by 146 publications

References 52 publications

Characteristics of Iron Entrainment into Slag Due to Rising Gas Bubbles

Characteristics of Iron Entrainment into Slag Due to Rising Gas Bubbles

Some Investigations into the Dynamic Mass Transfer at the Slag–Metal Interface Using Sulfur: Concept of Interfacial Velocity

Investigation into the Cause of Spontaneous Emulsification of a Free Steel Droplet; Validation of the Chemical Exchange Pathway

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