Dynamic and Static Exercises Differentially Affect Plasma Cytokine Content in Elite Endurance- and Strength-Trained Athletes and Untrained Volunteers

Abstract

Extensive exercise increases the plasma content of IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and several other cytokines via their augmented transcription in skeletal muscle cells. However, the relative impact of aerobic and resistant training interventions on cytokine production remains poorly defined. In this study, we compared effects of dynamic and static load on cytokine plasma content in elite strength- and endurance-trained athletes vs. healthy untrained volunteers. The plasma cytokine content was measured before, immediately after, and 30 min post-exercise using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pedaling on a bicycle ergometer increased IL-6 and IL-8 content in the plasma of trained athletes by about 4- and 2-fold, respectively. In contrast to dynamic load, weightlifting had negligible impact on these parameters in strength exercise-trained athletes. Unlike IL-6 and IL-8, dynamic exercise had no impact on IL-15 and LIF, whereas static load increases the content of these cytokines by ~50%. Two-fold increment of IL-8 content seen in athletes subjected to dynamic exercise was absent in untrained individuals, whereas the ~50% increase in IL-15 triggered by static load in the plasma of weightlifting athletes was not registered in the control group. Thus, our results show the distinct impact of static and dynamic exercises on cytokine content in the plasma of trained athletes. They also demonstrate that both types of exercises differentially affect cytokine content in plasma of athletes and untrained persons.

The Effects of Exercise on IL-6 Levels and Cognitive Performance in Patients with Schizophrenia

“…Exercise induces an increase in the plasma levels of different cytokines, including IL-6 [44]. In the year 2000, Steenberg et al published the first study to show that the skeletal-muscle activity connected with exercise increases plasmatic IL-6 levels [45]. Following studies showed that the magnitude of this muscle-fiber derived plasma IL-6 elevation caused by exercise correlates with different parameters such as the intensity and duration of the physical activity [46].…”

“…This reduction is also related to the intensity and duration of physical exercise as well as other variables such as the fitness levels of the study participants [47]. People who perform regular exercise in their daily lives show lower baseline IL-6 levels compared to those who are sedentary [45].…”

Association of the 25(OH) vitamin D status with upper respiratory tract infections morbidity in water sports elite athletes

“…The elevated level of IL-4 and IL-6 was detected in all athletes, but more expressed increase was observed in swimmers. Kapilevich et al (2017) showed that the level of circulating IL-6 is connected with character of physical load (dynamic or static). 49 The higher elevation of IL-6 level in swimmers can be connected with significant volume and intensity of training.…”

“…Kapilevich et al (2017) showed that the level of circulating IL-6 is connected with character of physical load (dynamic or static). 49 The higher elevation of IL-6 level in swimmers can be connected with significant volume and intensity of training. The level of IL-6 is known to be the first response to the volume and type of exercise.…”

Isometric blood flow restriction exercise: acute physiological and neuromuscular responses

“…While dynamic exercise seems to be superior to isometric exercise for strength and hypertrophy [21], there is evidence that isometric exercise can increase strength within a limited range of motion specific to that in which the isometric training was performed [22]. Additionally, evidence suggests that also tendon blood volume as well as tendon stiffness adaptations differ between both contraction modes (dynamic vs. isometric) [23].…”