Dynamic Antibody Responses in Patients with Different Severity of COVID-19: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a serious public health event and poses a global health threat. To study the specific antibody responses would contribute to a better understanding of COVID-19. Methods We collected complete follow-up data from 777 patients with pathogen-confirmed COVID-19 with corresponding immunoglobulin G and M (IgG/IgM) testing results. Results Overall, the positive rates of IgG and IgM in severe patients were slightly higher than those in non-severe patients. In addition, higher IgG levels were detected in severe patients compared to non-severe patients ( P = 0.026). Through further analysis, differences in IgG were only significant in serum samples taken in the first 14 days of disease onset ( P < 0.001). On the basis of analysis of antibody expression levels at different time points in 74 patients who had undergone more than three detection tests, we found that the differences in IgG levels between the severe/non-severe patients were more pronounced than those of IgM. On multivariate logistic regression, after adjusting for cofactors, the higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) IgG levels observed in the first 14 days of disease onset were independently associated with severe COVID-19 disease (odds ratio (OR) = 1.368, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.138–1.645). Conclusion We observed differences in antibody responses among patients with different severity of COVID-19. A high IgG level in the first 14 days of disease may be positively associated with disease severity.

Efficacy and safety of current treatment interventions for patients with severe COVID‐19 infection: A network meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

“… 7 , 8 , 9 Previous studies suggested that patients with COVID‐19 differ from the infection levels often leading to different outcomes of treatment. 39 While no significant decrease in ACM was found between SOC and 14 other medications or placebo for severe COVID‐19 infection. This result seems to be inconsistent with prior NMA studies by Zhang et al, 40 Wu et al, 41 and Siemieniuk et al 42 They suggested that tocilizumab or corticosteroids might reduce the ACM compared with SOC for COVID‐19 infection.…”

Association of the Serum Levels of the Nucleocapsid Antigen of SARS-CoV-2 With the Diagnosis, Disease Severity, and Antibody Titers in Patients With COVID-19: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

“…In regard to RT-PCR and antigen testing, although the number of studies is limited, it has been reported that the viral load in upper respiratory tract specimens measured using the RT-PCR test or antigen tests is associated with the severity of COVID-19 ( Fajnzylber et al, 2020 ). In regard to antibody tests, while some studies contend that the titers of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 do not show positive associations with the disease severity ( Gozalbo-Rovira et al, 2020 ; Kong et al, 2020 ; Phipps et al, 2020 ), numerous other studies have demonstrated the existence of associations between SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers and the severity of COVID-19 ( Röltgen et al, 2020 ; Bläckberg et al, 2021 ; De Donno et al, 2021 ; Fu et al, 2021 ; Legros et al, 2021 ; Lu et al, 2021 ; Patil et al, 2021 ; Shrivastava et al, 2021 ).…”

Mapping of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG in gingival crevicular fluid: Antibody dynamics and linkage to severity of COVID-19 in hospital inpatients

“…However, others have reported data indicating that the earlier appearance of IgM and IgG and also higher titres are associated with delayed viral clearance and increased disease severity. [27][28][29] Liu and colleagues found that IgM titre changes as COVID19 progresses and that high levels of IgM were associated with a higher risk of clinical adverse events. 30 However, others have reported that a robust IgG response and also detection of IgA in early disease correlated with a critical illness.…”