Dynamic Changes in Circulatory Cytokines and Chemokines Levels in Mild to Severe COVID-19 Patients

Abstract

Immune dysregulation is a key feature of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). However, disparities in responses across ethnic groups are underappreciated. This study aimed to determine the relationship between chemokines and cytokines and the severity of COVID-19. Multiplex magnetic bead-based Luminex-100 was used to assess chemokine and cytokine levels in COVID-19 patients at admission (day-1) and after 4 days. The mean age of the patients recruited was 54.3 years, with 19 (63.3%) males. COVID-19 patients had significantly lower lymphocyte, monocyte, hemoglobin and eosinophil levels than controls ( p < 0.05). COVID-19 patients showed significantly higher neutrophil levels than controls ( p < 0.05). The baseline levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IFN-α/ γ significantly increased in COVID-19 patients ( p < 0.05). Chemokine levels (IP-10, MCP-1, MIG, and CCL-5) were significantly in COVID-19 patients. IL-8, IP-10, and MIG levels were significantly higher in the patients with severe COVID-19 ( p < 0.05). Individuals with mild COVID-19 showed significantly higher levels of INF-α, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8, whereas IL-10 levels were significantly lower ( p < 0.05). TNF-levels decreased significantly in individuals with severe COVID-19, whereas IL-6, IL-8, and MIG levels increased ( p < 0.05). After 4 days, INFα-, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, and MIG levels were significantly higher in patients with mild disease, whereas IL-6, MIG, and TNF-αlevels were significantly higher in patients with severe disease ( p < 0.05). Thus, we conclude that COVID-19 is characterized by INF- α / γ , IL-6, IL-10, IP-10, MCP-1, MIG, and CCL5 dysregulation. IL-8, MIG, and IP-10 levels distinguish between moderate and severe COVID-19. Changes in INF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, and MIG levels can be used to monitor disease progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12291-022-01108-x.

The impact of the donors’ COVID-19 status on the outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a multi-center retrospective study

“…Activated T cells, including the CD4 + T, CD8 + T, and Th cells, were found enriched in COVID-19 participants ( Rupp et al, 2021 ; Qin et al, 2023 ). Moreover, cytokine levels were shown to be higher in COVID-19 participants ( Hasanvand, 2022 ; Queiroz et al, 2022 ; Tiwari et al, 2023 ). As aGVHD is mediated by the activation of alloreactive T cells with high level of cytokine and chemokine ( Lange et al, 1995 ; Zeiser and Blazar, 2017 ; Khandelwal et al, 2020 ), we presume that increased aGVHD in the CPD group might be attributed to the active T cells and cytokines in graft derived from COVID-19-positive donors.…”

Silent Symptoms, Active Immunity: Insights into Early-Stage Cytokine Expressions in Ugandan Mild and Asymptomatic COVID-19 subjects

“…By investigating the correlation between admission symptoms and cytokine levels, the study revealed that symptomatic individuals exhibited elevated TGFalpha, GRO-alpha, IL-6, and IL-10, con rming these as pivotal cytokines in immune responses and symptom development during viral infections (21). The elevated levels of TGF-alpha, GRO-alpha, IL-6, and IL-10 in symptomatic individuals relative to asymptomatic ones suggest their potential as biomarkers for early COVID-19 symptom manifestation or immune activation, due to their critical roles in cell growth, chemotaxis, in ammation modulation, and immune regulation (22)(23)(24), thus suggesting a potential role in viral infection pathogenesis and symptom presentation. Random Forest analysis predicted and delineated pivotal cytokines over different time points, elucidating their roles and potential as therapeutic targets and underscoring their dynamic contributions to immune responses.…”

Synthesis of Anti-oxidant Steroids by Hybridisation with Nitroxides

“…As part of a larger study, we look to validate the prodrug activity of these compounds and uncover whether this approach has any efficacy against the oxidative stress side effects related to the use of glucocorticoids. [60][61][62][63][64] Aside from their prospective therapeutic actions, the confirmed binding of the nitroxide hybrids to GR suggests they may also offer some use as spin-labelled steroid probes. 65,66 In summary, to produce new hybrid systems capable of probing biological radical chemistry, we have synthesised a number of nitroxide-steroidal hybrids and non-radical control molecules using carbodiimide coupling.…”