Dynamic Changes in Melbourne’s Urban Vegetation Cover—2001 to 2016

Abstract

Understanding changes in urban vegetation is essential for ensuring sustainable and healthy cities, mitigating disturbances due to climate change, sustaining urban biodiversity, and supporting human health and wellbeing. This study investigates and describes the distribution and dynamic changes in urban vegetation over a 15-year period in Greater Melbourne, Australia. The study investigates how vegetation cover across Melbourne has changed at five-yearly intervals from 2001 to 2016 using the newly proposed dynamic change approach that extends the net change approach to quantify the amount of vegetation gain as well as loss. We examine this question at two spatial resolutions: (1) at the municipal landscape scale to capture broadscale change regardless of land tenure; and (2) at the scale of designated public open spaces within the municipalities to investigate the extent to which the loss of vegetation has occurred on lands that are intended to provide public access to vegetated areas in the city. Vegetation was quantified at four different times (2001, 2006, 2011, 2016), using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Dynamic changes of gain and loss in urban vegetation between the three periods were quantified for six local government areas (LGAs) and their associated public open spaces using a change matrix. The results showed an overall net loss of 64.5 square kilometres of urban vegetation from 2001 to 2016 in six LGAs. When extrapolated to the Greater Melbourne Area, this is approximately equivalent to 109 times the size of Central Park in New York City.

Looking Closer at the Patterns of Land Cover in the City of Porto, Portugal, between 1947 and 2019—A Contribution for the Integration of Ecological Data in Spatial Planning

“…Similarly, Bagan and Yamagata [57] revealed an association between the urban growth of Porto and the reduction in several types of vegetation cover, within a shorter, more recent period, from 1984 to 2009. Several other cities, in Europe and worldwide, also present an urbanisation scenario similar to that experienced by Porto in the past few decades: an increase in built-up and impervious areas and a decline in vegetation and green space cover (e.g., [9,[58][59][60]); however, it should be noted that most of these studies consider only short-term changes, rarely encompassing more than 20 or 30 years of urban land cover evolution. With a similar time frame to our study, Lennert et al [61] explored the past dynamics of the Budapest metropolitan region from 1959 to 2012 and obtained similar results: the growth in artificial surfaces caused the decline in vegetated areas, such as natural or agricultural land; nevertheless, the large-scale approach can make it difficult to translate to local actions in each of the individual municipalities.…”