“…Are volatility spillovers more pronounced in the short term than the long term? - Since many possible driving factors such as pandemic intensity, market uncertainty, and investors' sentiment may lead to some degree of fluctuations in financial markets ( Sun et al, 2021 , Assaf et al, 2021 , Aste, 2019 , Gajardo et al, 2018 , Yi et al, 2018 ), the economic and financial impacts of the COVID-19 are difficult to predict ( Abuzayed et al, 2021 ). In addition, some recent studies indicate that the correlations within the traditional equity markets are not symmetric, and a nonlinear and asymmetric association between the equity markets and the COVID-19 outbreak might be observed ( Lin and Su, 2021 , Hanif et al, 2021 , Iqbal et al, 2021 , Shahbaz et al, 2018 ).
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