Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging in Symptomatic Bone Stress of the Pelvis and the Lower Extremity

Abstract

Increased tissue perfusion could be seen if precontrast MR imaging revealed callus, fracture line or muscle edema surrounding the bone stress reaction.

Incidence of Pelvic Ring Fractures in the U.S. Military Population

“…This higher incidence in females corresponds with data found in studies over the elderly population [1,7,[11][12][13]. In addition, past data have shown that pelvic ring fractures are more common among female recruits compared with their male counterparts [23][24][25]. The female gender is generally understood to be a risk factor for bone stress injuries, especially via non-traumatic mechanisms [26,27].…”

Tibial Stress Injury: Relationship of Radiographic, Nuclear Medicine Bone Scanning, MR Imaging, and CT Severity Grades to Clinical Severity and Time to Healing

“…Since 1994, a number of grading systems have been reported for MR imaging; most use detection of edema visibility and location of edema in relation to the cortex to determine grade (14,22,23,(35)(36)(37). Most researchers have concluded that in comparison with modalities such as bone scanning and radiography, MR imaging yields a superior level of information about location and extent of injury (14,(37)(38)(39)(40).…”

MR imaging, bone scintigraphy, and radiography in bone stress injuries of the pelvis and the lower extremity

“…A fracture line was a low signal intensity line on all MR images. The stress injuries of bone were classified in MR imaging as follows (9): Grade I: endosteal marrow edema, Grade II: periosteal edema and endosteal marrow edema, Grade III: muscle edema, periosteal edema, and endosteal marrow edema, Grade IV: fracture line, and Grade V: callus, at the endosteal and/or periosteal surface of the cortical bone.…”