Dynamic Domain Links Substrate Binding and Catalysis in the Factor-Inhibiting-HIF-1

Abstract

The interplay between active-site chemistry and functionally relevant enzyme motions can provide useful insights into selective enzyme modulation. Modulation of the hypoxia-sensing function of factor-inhibiting-HIF-1 (FIH) enzyme is a potential therapeutic strategy in disease states such as ischemia and cancer. The hypoxia-sensing function of FIH relies in major part on the tight coupling of the first half of the catalytic mechanism which involves O 2 activation and eventual succinate production to the second half which involves HIF-1α/ CTAD substrate hydroxylation. In this study, we demonstrate the role of a loop hinge domain in FIH (FIH102−118) called the 100s loop in maintaining this particular tight coupling. Molecular dynamics patterns from Gaussian Network Model (iGNM) database analysis of FIH identified the 100s loop as one dynamic domain containing a hinge residue (Tyr102) with a potential substrate positioning role. Enzymological and biophysical studies of the 100s loop point mutants revealed altered enzyme kinetics with the exception of the conservative FIH mutant Y102F, which suggests a sterics-related role for this residue. Removal of the bulk of Tyr102 (Y102A) resulted in succinate production, autohydroxylation, and an O 2 binding environment comparable to wild-type FIH. However, the HIF-1α/CTAD substrate hydroxylation of this mutant was significantly reduced which implies that (1) the FIH loop hinge residue Tyr102 does not affect O 2 activation, (2) the stacking steric interaction of Tyr102 is important in substrate positioning for productive hydroxylation, and (3) Tyr102 is important for the synchronization of O 2 activation and substrate hydroxylation.