Dynamic exercise improves cognitive function in association with increased prefrontal oxygenation

Endo, Kana; Matsukawa, Kanji; Liang, Nan; Nakatsuka, Chie; Tsuchimochi, Hirotsugu; Okamura, Hitoshi; Hamaoka, Toshiyuki

doi:10.1007/s12576-013-0267-6

Cited by 105 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Prefrontal increases in oxy-Hb have been observed during cognitive tasks executed after acute exercise (Byun et al, 2014;Endo et al, 2013;Hyodo et al, 2012;Yanagisawa et al, 2010). However, we found no changes in hemodynamics or oxygenation during the visual search task after stretching.…”

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confidence: 58%

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2015

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Abstract:Static stretching appears to not only enhance flexibility, but also to improve mood state. However, little is known about how acute static stretching influences cognitive function. To elucidate this, we tested the hypothesis that alterations in mood state following static stretching would improve visual search performance. Sixteen participants were divided into stretching and control groups. In the stretching group, the participants answered questionnaires about mood state and performed a visual search task before and after 30 min of static stretching. In the control group, the participants rested instead of stretching. The questionnaires included items related to pleasantness, relaxation, anxiety, negative affect, positive engagement, and tranquility. We evaluated changes in cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation during the visual search task via near-infrared spectroscopy. In the stretching group, reaction time in the visual search task decreased (P < 0.05), while response accuracy was not affected. This improvement in response speed was accompanied by increase in positive engagement (P < 0.01) and a decrease in anxiety (P < 0.05). Stretching did not modulate cerebral hemodynamics or oxygenation during the visual search task. Visual search performance was not altered in the control group. These results suggest that improved response speed is associated with an increase in positive engagement and a decrease in anxiety after static stretching.

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confidence: 58%

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2015

JPES

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“…3 and 7). Thus the increase in the prefrontal Oxy-Hb may reflect the increase in regional oxygen supply due to increased rCBF (6,16,17,18). In addition, skin blood flow involved in the illuminated tissue area might influence the Oxy-Hb signal of the NIRS (30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the oxygenation signal of NIRS is dependent on a balance between oxygen supply and utilization in microcirculation within the illuminated tissue, the NIRS signal does not directly monitor regional blood flow. Nevertheless, since the Deoxy-Hb of the prefrontal areas remained at or near the baseline level throughout the interventions, the change in Oxy-Hb reflected the change in regional tissue blood flow, which may partly follow neural activity in the brain (5,6,7,14,15,23,34).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dissociation between the responses in cerebral artery blood velocity and rCBF remains unknown. Curiously, the prefrontal Oxy-Hb augments again above the baseline level when voluntary exercise is sustained for more than 5 min (6,32,35). A mechanism responsible for the second and sustained increase of the prefrontal oxygenation during exercise also remains unknown.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Increased oxygenation of the cerebral prefrontal cortex prior to the onset of voluntary exercise in humans

Matsukawa

Ishii

Liang

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Physiology

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To determine whether output from the forebrain (termed central command) may descend early enough to increase cardiac and renal sympathetic outflows at the onset of voluntary exercise, we examined the changes in regional tissue blood flows of bilateral prefrontal cortices with near-infrared spectroscopy, precisely identifying the onset of voluntary ergometer 30-s exercise at 41 ± 2% of the maximal exercise intensity in humans. Prefrontal oxygenated-hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) concentration was measured as index of regional blood flow unless deoxygenated-hemoglobin concentration remained unchanged. Prefrontal Oxy-Hb concentration increased significantly ( P < 0.05) 5 s prior to the onset of exercise with arbitrary start, whereas such increase in prefrontal Oxy-Hb was absent before exercise abruptly started by a verbal cue. Furthermore, the increase in prefrontal Oxy-Hb observed at the initial 15-s period of exercise was greater with arbitrary start than cued start. The prefrontal Oxy-Hb, thereafter, decreased during the later period of exercise, irrespective of either arbitrary or cued start. The reduction in prefrontal Oxy-Hb had the same time course and response magnitude as that during motor-driven passive exercise. Cardiac output increased at the initial period of exercise, whereas arterial blood pressure and total peripheral resistance decreased. The depressor response was more pronounced ( P < 0.05) with arbitrary start than cued start. Taken together, it is suggested that the increase in prefrontal Oxy-Hb observed prior to the onset of voluntary exercise may be in association with central command, while the later decrease in the Oxy-Hb during exercise may be in association with feedback stimulated by mechanical limb motion.

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“…It is speculated that some mechanisms could explain the improvement in neuropsychological aspects that were observed in the present study, such as the social interaction and increased cerebral blood flow that is dependent on the intensity of exercise (Seeman et al Fisher et al 2013;Endo et al 2013). Furthermore, it is possible that physical exercise has contributed to neurotransmitter release, which improves neuropsychological performance (Rogers et al 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

The influence of physical exercise and leisure activity on neuropsychological functioning in older adults

Antunes

Santos-Galduróz

Lemos

et al. 2015

AGE

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It has been suggested that leisure activity and physical exercise can be a protective factor for neuropsychological functions and are associated with a reduced risk of dementia. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of physical exercise and leisure on the neuropsychological functions of healthy older adults. The sample was composed of 51 sedentary female volunteers who were 60-70 years old and were distributed into three groups: A-control, B-leisure, and C-training. Volunteers were submitted to a physical and neuropsychological assessment at baseline and after 6 months. Groups A and B were monitored longitudinally three times a week. Group C improved their neuropsychological functioning and oxygen consumption compared to groups A and B (p=<0.05). The neuropsychological functions of groups A and B were significantly worse after 6 months of monitoring (p=<0.05). The data suggest that physical exercise improves neuropsychological functioning, although leisure activities may also improve this functioning. Thus, an aerobic physical fitness program can partially serve as a non-medication alternative for maintaining and improving these functions in older adults; however, leisure activities should also be considered.

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Dynamic exercise improves cognitive function in association with increased prefrontal oxygenation

Cited by 105 publications

References 34 publications

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Increased oxygenation of the cerebral prefrontal cortex prior to the onset of voluntary exercise in humans

The influence of physical exercise and leisure activity on neuropsychological functioning in older adults

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