Dynamic foam test

Spangler, W. G.

doi:10.1007/bf02667024

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Rapid and simple methods for the estimation of foaming properties of surfactants and their mixtures in the presence of soils like synthetic sebum are described in literature (10,11). The Ross Miles method is a standard technique used to determine the rate of lather formation and lather stability.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detergency and foam studies on linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and secondary alkyl sulfonate

Goon¹,

Bhirud

Kumar³

1999

J Surfact & Detergents

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Among anionic surfactants used in detergent products, the sodium salt of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (NaLAS) is the only surfactant belonging to the aromatic class; the others are aliphatic, e.g., the sodium salt of secondary alkyl sulfonate (NaSAS). We observed earlier that certain conformational changes taking place in aromatic anionic surfactants (NaLAS) upon micellization can be brought about in aliphatic anionic surfactants (NaSAS) by addition of phenol. In this paper we examined how conformational changes at the molecular level translated into macroscopic properties such as foam and detergency. We performed foam and detergency measurements on NaLAS, NaSAS, and NaSAS/phenol systems. Foam behavior of these systems is shown to be dependent only upon calcium ion sensitivities of the surfactants whereas the detergency results have a dependence on conformational changes at the molecular level.Among anionic surfactants used in detergent products, the sodium salt of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (NaLAS) is the only aromatic one; the others are aliphatic. In recent years, aggregation behavior of NaLAS has been extensively studied (1-6). Spectroscopic studies done in our laboratory on these classes of surfactants indicated some interesting aggregation-induced conformational changes. Specifically, in the case of NaLAS, the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) peaks corresponding to terminal methyl groups of the hydrocarbon chains appeared as a composite triplet below the critical micelle concentration (CMC). However, upon micellization, two well-defined triplets corresponding to each of the terminal methyl groups were observed. Based on these results, it was concluded that in NaLAS micelles, the shorter alkyl chain loops toward the palisade layer and experiences the phenyl ring effect (7). These conformational changes were not observed in the case of nonaromatic surfactants, specifically the sodium salt of secondary alkyl sulfonates/sulfates (NaSAS). However, the conformational changes encountered in NaLAS were brought about in NaSAS by the external incorporation of a phenyl ring by the addition of phenol (8). These phenomena indicate that the aggregation-induced conformation changes caused by the aromatic ring in NaLAS can be mimicked in the aliphatic anionic surfactant NaSAS by introducing a phenyl group externally.The objective of this paper was to examine how conformational changes observed at the molecular level translated into macroscopic properties. In view of this, the foam and detergency behavior of NaLAS, NaSAS, and NaSAS/phenol systems was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODSA sample of the sodium salt of LAS was prepared in the laboratory by neutralizing commercial linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (Reliance Industries, Mumbai, India) with sodium hydroxide solution in a Z-blade (Sigma) mixer. The resulting paste of NaLAS was dried in an oven at about 60°C, followed by vacuum drying. This dried NaLAS was subjected to Soxhlet solvent extraction using hexane to remove nondetergent organic matter. The paste was...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detergency and foam studies on linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and secondary alkyl sulfonate

Goon¹,

Bhirud

Kumar³

1999

J Surfact & Detergents

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“…For example, in paper-making or textile dying processes, lowfoaming or non foaming surfactants are used [5]. So, foam is an important criterion in the evaluation of detergent compositions, and since the design of a product is often centered upon foaming characteristics, it is important to be able to measure this interesting phenomenon under many conditions [15]. In conclusion, characterization of foams is important in many applications, and this makes investigation of foam an active field of research [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Foaming Properties and Effect of the Isomeric Distribution of Some Anionic Surfactants

Azira

Tazerouti

Canselier

2008

J Surfact & Detergents

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Using different reaction conditions of photosulfochlorination of n-dodecane, two samples of anionic surfactants of sulfonate type are obtained. Their micellar behavior has been already reported and the relationship between their isomeric distribution and their chemical structures and micellar behaviors have been more thoroughly explored. In this investigation, we screened the foaming properties (foaming power and foam stability) by a standardized method very similar to the Ross-Miles foaming tests to identify which surfactants are suitable for applications requiring high foaming, or, alternatively, low foaming. The results obtained for the synthesized surfactants are compared to those obtained for an industrial sample of secondary alkanesulfonate (Hostapur 60) and to those of a commercial sample of sodium dodecylsulfate used as reference for anionic surfactants. The foam formation and foam stability of aqueous solutions of the two samples of dodecanesulfonate are compared as a function of their isomeric distribution. These compounds show good foaming power characterized in most cases by metastable or dry foams. The highest foaming power is obtained for the sample rich in primary isomers which also produces foam with a relatively high stability. For the sample rich in secondary isomers we observe under fixed conditions a comparable initial foam height but the foam stability turns out to be low. This property is interesting for applications requiring low foaming properties such as dishwashing liquid for machines. The best results are observed near and above the critical micellar concentrations and at 25°C for both the samples.

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“…LAS 60 22 33 15 b 32 16 b 49 29 modern techniques of radiochemieal synthesis and analysis to a study of detergency by using a multicomponent soil. The soil chosen resembles to some extent that of Spangler (9), but its composition was dictated in part by the commercial availability of the components. Doubly labeled soil was prepared to reduce the number of runs to be made and to investigate the selectivity of removal while reducing the possible effect of irreproducibility between runs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A double label radiotracer approach to detergency studies

Gordon

Roddewig

Shebs

1967

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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The comparative detergency of a series of built detergents of commercial interest has been measured via the use of a doubly labeled multicomponent synthetic soil. Four test fabrics: cotton, nylon, Dacron, and Dacron/cotton were soiled with the seven-component soil, which was in turn almost completely and then individually labeled. The fabrics were washed in a conventional Tergotometer under cold-water and hotwater conditions. Analyses of the fabrics before and after washing were made by liquid scintillation counting.Two sets of experiments were run, the first based on cold-water detergent formulation (heavy-duty liquid), the second based on hotwater detergent formulation (heavy-duty powder). A number of nonionic surfactants were compared with linear alkyl aryt sulfonate in the first set, and two anionics were compared with two nonionies in the second set.Expressing results as total detergency, i.e., amount of soil removed from all four fabrics, it.was found that, under cold-water conditions, LAS (average side chain Cls) is significantly less effective than the nonionics investigated. The linear primary alcohol (C12-C~ and C14-C15) ethoxylates removed slightly more soil than the ethoxylates of a Ziegler alcohol (C14, C16, Cls) and random secondary alcohols (Cll-C1.~). The same tabulation for the heavy-duty powder formulations under hot-water conditions showed LAS to be least effective over-all, sulfated linear primary alcohol somewhat more effective, and ethoxylated linear, primary alcohol slightly more effective still.Redeposition of the various soil components onto unsoiled cotton was found to be slight, ranging from 0.2% to 1.7% of the amount in the wash water.

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Dynamic foam test

Abstract: A test has been developed for measuring the amount of foam generated by a detergent composition under dynamic conditions and in the presence of sebaceous soil. Good correlation with actual practice results because the conditions of the test closely parallel practical laundry conditions.

Cited by 26 publications

References 6 publications

Detergency and foam studies on linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and secondary alkyl sulfonate

Detergency and foam studies on linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and secondary alkyl sulfonate

Study of Foaming Properties and Effect of the Isomeric Distribution of Some Anionic Surfactants

A double label radiotracer approach to detergency studies

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