Nonlamellar
lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) lipid nanomaterials
have emerged as a promising class of advanced materials for the next
generation of nanomedicine, comprising mainly of amphiphilic lipids
and functional additives self-assembling into two- and three-dimensional,
inverse hexagonal, and cubic nanostructures. In particular, the lyotropic
liquid crystalline lipid nanoparticles (LCNPs) have received great
interest as nanocarriers for a variety of hydrophobic and hydrophilic
small molecule drugs, peptides, proteins, siRNAs, DNAs, and imaging
agents. Within this space, there has been a tremendous amount of effort
over the last two decades elucidating the self-assembly behavior and
structure–function relationship of natural and synthetic lipid-based
drug delivery vehicles in vitro, yet successful clinical
translation remains sparse due to the lack of understanding of these
materials in biological bodies. This review provides an overview of
(1) the benefits and advantages of using LCNPs as drug delivery nanocarriers,
(2) design principles for making LCNPs with desirable functionalities
for drug delivery applications, (3) current understanding of the LLC
material–biology interface illustrated by more than 50 in vivo, preclinical studies, and (4) current patenting
and translation activities in a pharmaceutical context. Together with
our perspectives and expert opinions, we anticipate that this review
will guide future studies in developing LCNP-based drug delivery nanocarriers
with the objective of translating them into a key player among nanoparticle
platforms comprising the next generation of nanomedicine for disease
therapy and diagnosis.