Dynamic free‐hand three‐dimensional fetal echocardiography gated by cardiotocography

Abstract

Objective To evaluate the clinical feasibility of conventional cardiotocography (CTG) as a cardiac cycle triggering signal for three-dimensional (3D) fetal echocardiography.Method Free-hand 3D echocardiography was performed on a total of 25 fetuses with and without congenital heart disease at various gestational ages (mean, 29 weeks; range, 19-35 weeks

Fixation patterns during recognition of personally familiar and unfamiliar faces

“…It is, however, still not well known which information human observers use to decide upon familiarity of a face. A common instrument for investigating which information is used to process a visual stimulus is the registration of eye movements (Just and Carpenter, 1976; Goldberg and Wichansky, 2003). Given the inverse relationship between the size of a visual region and the quality of information provided when moving from foveal to peripheral vision (Larson and Loschky, 2009), observers’ eye movements are functional in that they allow detailed representation of critical information (Desimone and Duncan, 1995; Egeth and Yantis, 1997).…”

Three‐ and four‐dimensional freehand fetal echocardiography: a feasibility study using a hand‐held Doppler probe for cardiac gating

“…The resulting digitalized impulse, comparable to the ECG R‐wave, was sent as the gating signal to the computer workstation via a RS‐232‐input. Cardiotocogram (CTG) gating was achieved by the use of the acoustic signal from a conventional CTG (Hewlett Packard fetal monitor Viridae 50 A (M1353A), Böblingen, Germany)18.…”

“…The electrocardiogram (ECG) usually provides a reliable gating signal in postnatal echocardiography, but cannot be applied to the fetus. The current technique of electrocardiography does not provide an acceptable, non‐invasive fetal ECG and therefore other gating methods have been investigated7, 8, 11, 14–18. Fetal Doppler ultrasound provides an easy to obtain method of determining the fetal heart rate11, 19, 20.…”

Tissue Doppler gated (TDOG) dynamic three‐dimensional ultrasound imaging of the fetal heart

“…3D color Doppler images reconstructed using the STIC technique have also been presented9, 10. Recently, 3D images of the fetal heart were obtained by free‐hand scanning gated with cardiotocography (CTG)11.…”