Dynamic hyporheic exchange at intermediate timescales: Testing the relative importance of evapotranspiration and flood pulses

Larsen, Laurel G.; Harvey, J. W.; Maglio, M. M.

doi:10.1002/2013wr014195

Cited by 37 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 76 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…Importantly, though, in addition to the influence of groundwater inflow on surface-water conductivity, the latter may increase through the process of evapoconcentration of solutes during the drying process. This effect is particularly pronounced in highly seasonal, shallow systems near the point of complete drydown (Larsen et al 2014).…”

Section: Dissolved Oxygen As a Secondary Factor Driving Coho Survivalmentioning

confidence: 98%

Abiotic habitat thresholds for salmonid over‐summer survival in intermittent streams

2017

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Abstract. Intermittent streams lose surface flow during part of the year but can provide important habitat for imperiled fishes in residual pools. However, extended intermittency can drive high mortality as pool contraction decreases pool quality, and some pools dry completely. We evaluated the influence of a suite of abiotic habitat characteristics on the over-summer survival of two imperiled salmonid fishes (coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch; steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) at four study sites on two tributaries of Salmon Creek (Sonoma County, California, USA) from 2012 to 2014, during deepening drought conditions. Study sites spanned an intermittency gradient from continuous flow to near-dry conditions, and included alluvial and bedrock stream reaches. We estimated over-summer survival at the pool scale from fish presenceabsence data based on paired early-late summer snorkel surveys. We measured pool dimensions and water quality parameters monthly (more frequently during summer dry down) and, in 2013 and 2014, recorded water quality with continuous loggers in selected pools. We performed: (1) logistic regression in a generalized linear modeling framework to identify factors limiting over-summer survival and (2) classification trees using the random forests ensemble learning method to identify abiotic thresholds for sustaining salmonids. Results suggested that different factors governed mortality of the two species. Coho salmon, which tended to survive in large, deep pools, were limited by minimum dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. In contrast, steelhead trout, which tended to survive in pools with large surface area, were sensitive to pool geometry and temperature. Both species persisted for weeks in large pools with low DO levels, including in pools where at least part of the water column reached sublethal or lethal levels. Our results suggest that shallow, lateral hyporheic flow may be important for maintaining DO and temperatures suitable for sustaining salmonids in isolated pools, whereas groundwater discharge originating from deeper flow paths may generate low-DO conditions that inhibit salmonid persistence. Geomorphically complex watersheds with a variety of pool geometries and high rates of lateral hyporheic exchange are those most likely to serve as "sanctuary reaches" for imperiled Pacific salmonid populations in semi-arid regions in the context of a changing climate.

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Section: Dissolved Oxygen As a Secondary Factor Driving Coho Survivalmentioning

confidence: 98%

Abiotic habitat thresholds for salmonid over‐summer survival in intermittent streams

2017

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“…In streams, models of mass transport and transient storage generally include either a parameter representing effective diffusion from the HZ (Bencala and Walters 1983), or express all solute exchange with the HZ as a diffusive process (Jackman et al 1984, Marion and Zaramella 2005, De Smedt 2007, O'Connor and Harvey 2008. Despite this, molecular diffusion is only rarely distinguished from other solutetransport mechanisms (e.g., Palmer-Felgate et al 2010, Ward et al 2010, Larsen et al 2014. To our knowledge, diffusive solute fluxes from the HZ have not been quantified relative to other advective fluxes in streams.…”

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confidence: 99%

Diffusion and seepage-driven element fluxes from the hyporheic zone of a karst river

et al. 2015

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The hyporheic zone (HZ) can be an important source of solutes to streams. Hyporheic solute fluxes are commonly dominated by advective exchange. However, fluxes from the HZ also may include diffusion and upward advection of ground water from underlying aquifers. We compared the relative importance of these transport mechanisms on solute budgets of a large, spring-fed river in north-central Florida using measurements of spring, river, and porewater chemistry, hydraulic gradients, and sediment hydraulic conductivity, and dilution of an injected dye (Rhodamine WT). Downstream increases in Fe, soluble reactive P (SRP), Ca 2+ , and Cl − concentrations of the river water suggest solute sources in addition to the major source springs. Shallow porewater concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ca 2+ , SRP, and Cl − were elevated relative to the river. Calculations of Fickian diffusion based on concentration gradients of these solutes indicate diffusion could account for the downstream increase in Fe concentration but only 5% of the downstream increase in SRP and <0.1% of the increases in Ca 2+ and Cl − . Downstream decreases in Mn concentrations reflect in-stream retention despite predicted diffusion. Dye-trace results indicate that ∼13% of the river discharge originates from sources other than the major springs. Measured head gradients and low sediment hydraulic conductivity suggest vertical groundwater flow through the HZ is small. We used the SRP budget to partition the additional groundwater inputs between seepage through the HZ (∼3% of river discharge) and flow paths that bypass the HZ (∼10% of total river discharge). Flow paths that bypass the HZ dominated additional water delivery to the river, but diffusion, resulting from steep chemical gradients and lowpermeability sediments, is an important mechanism for transporting solutes from the HZ to the river.

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“…ET had a pronounced effect on solute residence times in the hyporheic zone (Larsen et al 2014), diminishing them as a result of enhanced bidirectional flux across the interface between the hyporheic zone and surface water. This flux prevents hyporheic interstitial water from being caught by deep groundwaters, limiting the extent of the exchange layer and recalling upward water fluxes from the aquifer.…”

Section: Evapotranspiration As a Driver Of Hyporheic Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

Exchange of Pollutants Between Rivers and the Surrounding Environment: Physical Processes, Modelling Approaches and Experimental Methods

Zaramella

Bottacin‐Busolin

Tregnaghi

et al. 2015

Rivers – Physical, Fluvial and Environmental Processes

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The fate of solute and pollutants is controlled by a broad number of different transport and storage mechanisms, ranging from simple processes (i.e. molecular diffusion, advection etc.) to more complex phenomena (i.e. evapotranspiration, groundwater flows, etc.). Different mathematical models, accounting for different exchange processes, have been developed and applied to specific experimental studies to assess transport and storage parameters. Experimental research focused on transport and retention processes induced by the transient storage in the dead zones, by the river bed topography and vegetation, by evapotranspiration. The analysis of these physical processes is generally conducted observing the behavior of solutes in field environments or in scaled laboratory models, using artificial or environmental tracers to track the fate of transported substances and assess transport and retention parameters. To improve the knowledge of pollutant exchange mechanism between a river and the surrounding environment, new experimental techniques focusing on long timescale retention and investigating the link between river biology and hydrodynamics are required. The development of new protocols for tracer tests design and the use of new specific tracers will open future research perspectives.

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Dynamic hyporheic exchange at intermediate timescales: Testing the relative importance of evapotranspiration and flood pulses

Cited by 37 publications

References 76 publications

Abiotic habitat thresholds for salmonid over‐summer survival in intermittent streams

Abiotic habitat thresholds for salmonid over‐summer survival in intermittent streams

Diffusion and seepage-driven element fluxes from the hyporheic zone of a karst river

Exchange of Pollutants Between Rivers and the Surrounding Environment: Physical Processes, Modelling Approaches and Experimental Methods

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