Dynamic immunogenicity after primary and booster inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination in people living with HIV: A longitudinal observational study

Abstract

People living with HIV (PLWH) have poor outcomes from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); vaccination reduces the associated mortality. The humoral immune response dynamics after booster inactivated vaccinations in PLWH remain unclear. In this longitudinal observational study, 100 PLWH after primary inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination were consecutively recruited and followed up. After booster vaccination (BV), neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) were detected at 1 month from all the PLWH, and the titer increased sixfold compared to that associated with the primary vaccination (PV), similar to that in healthy controls after BV. The NAbs titer declined over time after BV, but remained higher at 6 months than after PV. The NAbs response was elevated after BV with CD4 count <200 cells/μL, it was the poorest among the different CD4 cell count subgroups. Similar results were observed for anti-RBD-IgG responses. Moreover, RBD-specific MBCs were significantly elevated after BV in PLWH. No serious AEs were observed after BV in PLWH. In conclusion, booster inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is well tolerated and can elicit robust and durable humoral responses in PLWH. PLWH may benefit from a third dose of the inactivated vaccine.

Antibody neutralization capacity after COVID-19 vaccination in people with HIV (CIHR Canadian HIV trials network 328)

“…PWH mounted equally robust immunity following vaccination and even more robust stronger immunity was observed in both groups following naturally acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection [18] Based on quantile regression with an interaction term between HIV status and COVID infection status and adjusted for age, sex, race (white/black/ other), multimorbidity (!2 comorbidities), vaccine type and time between vaccine doses. and the titre increased six-fold compared with that associated with the primary vaccination, similar to what was observed in HIV-negative controls [19]. Neutralizing antibody titre declined over time after booster vaccine but remained higher at 6 months than following primary vaccine [19].…”

“…Third dose vaccines elicited better neutralizing antibody responses in PWH with longer time intervals between vaccines [30]. Furthermore, although there is evidence for sex-based differences in humoral immune response with certain types of vaccinations in HIV-negative populations [30], we and others have not observed any sex difference in antibody level or neutralization capacity in the context of COVID-19 vaccination [10][11][12]19]. Moreover, in both PWH vs. HIV-negative controls, some participants had a high antibody titre but low ID50.…”

Immunogenicity and effectiveness of COVID-19 booster vaccination among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…A total of seven eligible studies ( 43 , 47 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 59 , 61 ) involved PLWH with T-cell counts < 200, none of which had HC. The results showed a pooled IRR of 86.27% (95% CI, 65.35–99.07).…”

Safety and immunogenicity of homologous prime‐boost CoronaVac vaccine in people living with HIV in China: A multicenter prospective cohort study

“…For now, there are several boost studies have demonstrated favorable immunogenicity and efficacy of COVID‐19 vaccines in PLWH 17–22 . The boosting vaccination in PLWH was safe and greatly increased the immune response with respect to the primary vaccination 16 .…”

“…For now, there are several boost studies have demonstrated favorable immunogenicity and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in PLWH. [17][18][19][20][21][22] The boosting vaccination in PLWH was safe and greatly increased the immune response with respect to the primary vaccination. 16 The antibody levels in PLWH postvaccination maintained for at least 3 months, but PLWH with lower CD4+T-cell counts showed a poor antibody response to the inactivated vaccines.…”