“…This suggests that under low stress conditions, fibers efficiently distribute stress uniformly, while high stress levels lead to direct damage to the matrix and interfaces, possibly even causing localized fiber fracture. Additionally, several advanced monitoring techniques have been employed in the investigation of fatigue damage, including acoustic emission [ 20 , 21 ], thermal imaging [ [22] , [23] , [24] ], infrared methods [ 25 ], and digital image correlation (DIC) technology [ 26 , 27 ]. Chen et al [ 20 ] examined the damage progression during fatigue testing using acoustic emission technology, revealing three stages of damage under high compressive loading fatigue cycles: initial localized damage expansion, subsequent constant rate expansion, and rapid further expansion leading to failure.…”