Dynamic Loads and Different Soil Characteristics Examination on Optimum Design of Cantilever Retaining Walls Utilizing Harmony Search Algorithm

Abstract

Optimum the cantilever retaining wall design for different soils and dynamic earthquake effects is presented here. In the investigation of optimum wall design-based metaheuristic, the harmony search algorithm was considered for different design cases which include five soil and two earthquake characteristics. Earthquake characteristics of mild and severe were obtained regarding two locations which was selected from Turkey Earthquake Risk Map. For selected two locations and local soil classes, map spectral acceleration coefficients were utilized defined in Turkish Building Earthquake Code-2018. Sliding, overturning, and bearing capacity safety factors were taken as design constraints for checking stability criteria of the cantilever retaining wall which is given in Turkish Building Earthquake Code-2018. Since the cost-based wall weight of the optimization problem was taken as the objective function, obtained optimum wall dimensions which are discrete design variables were compared in terms of different design cases. It is seen that the wall dimensions increase in order to meet the design criteria in case of the earthquake load increases when the obtained optimum design by the optimization analyzes are examined. Another result obtained for the same earthquake zone is that the wall dimensions and therefore the cost mostly increase in weak quality soils.

Design Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Retaining Walls: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review

“…e harmony search (HS) is also able to perform local and randomization searches and replace bad solutions with those of good harmony due to its memory function. It has also been used by several studies to optimize retaining wall design and has proven its effectiveness and robustness; see, for example, the papers of Uray and Tan [30], Kaveh and Abadi [40], Kaveh and Behnam [46], Sheikholeslami et al [50], Kaveh and Mahdavi [53], Kaveh and Farhoudi [56], Sheikholeslami et al [57], Temür and Bekdas [58], Uray et al [71], Kayabekir et al [75], Yücel et al [85], Uray and Çarbas [89], Uray et al [92], Temür [99], and Uray et al [102]. e HS has also been improved over the years by updating its memory considering rate, randomization, and local search capabilities.…”

“…Although the design codes advise coarse aggregates as prescribed material for backfill, it may not be feasible to provide them in all cases. Some studies have researched this aspect and tried to optimize the design for backfill with different types of soil with different cohesion, unit weight, bearing, and internal angle of friction values (Al Sebai et al [31], Srivastavaa et al [32], Yepes et al [37], Kaveh and Abadi [40], Kaveh and Behnam [46], Kaveh and Laien [60], Konstandakopoulou et al [76], Uray et al [83], Uray and Çarbas ¸ [89], and Dodigović et al [94]). e backfill included coarse granular fill (gravel), granular soils with more than 12% of fines (GW, GS, SM, and SL), and fine soils with more than 25% of coarse grains (CL-ML).…”

“…[38], Khajehzadeh et al[41], Khajehzadeh and Eslami[43], Talatahari and Sheikholeslami[51], Gandomi et al[52], Kaveh and Mahdavi[53], Temür and Bekdas[58], Kumar and Suribabu[63], Moayyeri et al[69], Mergos and Mantoglou[77], Kalemci et al[78], Kashani et al[82], Uray and Çarbas ¸[89], Tutus ¸et al[98], and Temür[99] to optimize RC cantilever retaining walls. e above studies evidence the speed of convergence of PSO and standard deviation is superior to other classical algorithms.…”

Optimization Of Cantilever Retaining Wall Design Using Improved Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Algorithms

“…If the algorithm does not show improvement over a certain number of iterations, except for the best individual, individuals in the population are replaced with randomly generated agents. The studies on optimum design of cantilever retaining walls several soil properties such as different soil characteristics [18], soil heterogeneity [8], permeability [19], particle size [20] were considered using above-mentioned optimization algorithms.…”

Modified Harmony Search Algorithm-Based Optimization for Eco-Friendly Reinforced Concrete Frames

“…Mergos and Mantoglou employed FPA for the cost optimization of RC cantilever-type retaining walls [33]. Uray and Carbas evaluated the optimum design of RC-retaining walls via HS by using different soil characteristics and earthquake loads [34]. Sanchez-Olivares and Tomas employed a modified firefly algorithm and optimized RC members, which were subjected to compression and biaxial bending based on two design codes, including Eurocode 2 and ACI318 [35].…”