Dynamic market for distributed energy resources in the Smart Grid

Abstract

Distributed Energy Resources (DER) are one of the distinguished features of Smart Grid. A combination of smallscale energy generator and storage unit can produce energy to serve the associated load, while at the same time store or sell excessive energy. Assuming there is an energy surplus, the system can choose to sell a portion of its available energy to the market. In this work, an oligopoly model is developed in order to study dynamic pricing in such a scenario. The problem can be characterized as a dynamic N -player differential game, where the optimal solutions correspond to the equilibria of the game. We provide a mathematical analysis for the solution of the game, where a complete characterization of the steady-state price and optimal strategies of the players can be obtained in the symmetric case. Extensive numerical studies are provided to demonstrate the behaviors of the proposed market model and to analyze the impacts of various market parameters on the system.

Distributed Consensus Algorithm for Events Detection in Cyber-Physical Systems

“…For a collection of jointly connected networks, each node is capable of exchanging information with its active neighbors directly and keeping all the local LLRs vector in the network to derive a weighted average, which eventually converges to a global decision vector [34], [35].…”

“…It can be seen that Eq. (24) enforces the consensus between j and its one-hop active neighbors, which can be solved as a LASSO problem [17], [34]. Each local LLR at an active node is shared with its one-hop neighbors and will be updated and percolated throughout the network after performing an iterative consensus procedure that converges to an optimal result.…”