Dynamic Mechanochromic Optics with Tunable Strain Sensitivity for Strain‐Responsive Digit Display

Mao, Zemin; Zeng, Songshan; Shen, Kuangyu; Chooi, Aimee P.; Smith, Andrew T.; Jones, Michael D.; Zhou, Yingjie; Liu, Xiang; Sun, Luyi

doi:10.1002/adom.202001472

Cited by 27 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Mechanochromism in those materials can be due to either a chemical reaction or a physical process. [213][214][215] In the past few years, great efforts have been devoted to developing new mechanochromic materials through different routes. In 2012, Mizoshita and co-workers reported a mechanochromic perylene bisimide dye (PBI).…”

Section: Mechanochromic Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanoluminescence Rebrightening the Prospects of Stress Sensing: A Review

2021

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Mechanoluminescence (ML) is the emission of light when a solid material is subjected to stress. [8][9] The intensity of the ML shows a strong correlation with the applied stress, making it suitable for stress sensing. ML stress sensing is based on a unique transduction principle from stress to photons, which paves the way for advanced stress sensing. In particular, ML-based sensing shows significant advantages of distributed detection and remote response to an applied stress by virtue of photon transmission through space. In addition, excellent stretchability, biocompatibility, and self-powering ability can be achieved within the stress-tophoton transduction units since electronic conduction is not needed. Importantly, ML-based sensing enables compensation of the shortcomings of conventional sensing technologies for emerging applications. Considering the many extraordinary performance characteristics, ML may hopefully rebrighten the prospects of stress sensing.Over the past few decades, ML materials and ML-based stress sensing have been extensively studied. Great efforts have been made to develop a large number of ML materials, deeply understand the ML mechanism, and boost the potential for stress sensing applications. Several review papers have been devoted to ML and its applications. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Bunzil and Wong summarized ML materials and stress sensors based on lanthanide compounds. [10] Xie and Li surveyed the progress in ML compounds with a focus on fractoluminescence. [11] An overview of inorganic ML compounds was presented by Feng and Smet, which particularly provides deep insight into the crystal structures and their relation to ML. [12] Additionally, Zhang et al. reviewed inorganic ML compounds, concentrating on their compositions, preparation, characterizations, mechanisms, and applications. [13] However, compared with materials and mechanisms, less attention has been paid to the technical performance of ML-based stress sensing and its relevance to applications. Obviously, reasonable analyses of the up-to-date performance are beneficial for properly assessing the potential for future applications.In this paper, we start with a brief overview of the desired performance characteristics of advanced stress sensing for several new applications (Section 2). The state-of-arts and challenges are highlighted. In Section 3, ML materials, ML-based sensors, and technical features will be discussed in an attempt to comprehensively evaluate ML-based sensing technology andThe emergence of new applications, such as in artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and biotechnology, has driven the evolution of stress sensing technology. For these emerging applications, stretchability, remoteness, stress distribution, a multimodal nature, and biocompatibility are important performance characteristics of stress sensors. Mechanoluminescence (ML)-based stress sensing has attracted widespread attention because of its characteristics of remoteness and having a distributed response to mechanical stimuli...

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Section: Mechanochromic Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanoluminescence Rebrightening the Prospects of Stress Sensing: A Review

2021

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“…Flexible and stretchable electronic sensors are attracting increasing popularity in the applications as diverse as health monitoring, implanted devices, and human-machine interactive systems. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] A large number of electronic strain sensors have been recently reported by integrating conductive fillers Herein, we draw inspiration from the mechanically modulated skin color changes of squids via muscle contracting/ releasing movements [21,[35][36][37][38] to develop a powerful kind of mechanofluorescent and conductive hydrogel laminates, which were capable of displaying dual-channel fluorescence color and electronic responses towards the strain changes. As illustrated in Scheme 1a,b, the flexible strain sensor consisted of three distinct material layers, that is, red fluorescent RB-PHEAA (Rhodamine B-functionalized poly(N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide)) hydrogel layer, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin film and densely stacked carbon nanotubes (CNTs) film.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual‐Channel Flexible Strain Sensors Based on Mechanofluorescent and Conductive Hydrogel Laminates

Lin

Wang

et al. 2022

Advanced Optical Materials

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such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanowires) into soft elastomer composites. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Nevertheless, most of these reported flexible strain sensors could only display one single electrical signal output, which might have some practical use limitations. Especially with the development of human-machine interactive systems, there has been an increasing demand for dual-channel reporting flexible sensors, which are capable of exhibiting both strain-dependent electrical and optical changes. [17][18][19][20][21] Among various optical means, fluorescence is believed to quite promising for wearable stretchable sensing uses because of its high sensitivity, fast response and operational simplicity. The most convenient strategy is to develop the mechanofluorescent elastomer materials with strain-dependent electrical signal response. One famous example was reported by Zhang and colleagues who draw inspiration from the muscle-controlled display tactics of cephalopods to present the robust nanostructured self-healable and mechanoluminescent elastomer composites, which were capable of displaying reversible strain-dependent luminescence and resistance response to tensile strain. [21] Meanwhile, there has also been a growing interest to explore soft polymeric hydrogels for flexible sensors. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Different from elastomers, polymeric hydrogels usually have a 3D crosslinked hydrophilic network that is highly swollen by water. [5,33] Thus they are endowed with many unique advantages, including intrinsic soft wet nature, good biocompatibility, and especially tissue-like mechanical properties, which have made polymeric hydrogels promising candidates for flexible sensors. [34] In this context, considerable progresses have been recently achieved in soft conductive hydrogels with strain-dependent electronic signal changes. However, it still remains challenging to develop the promising dual-channel hydrogel systems with both sensitive conductivity and interactive fluorescence color changes to dynamic activities, which would show potentials to enable both electronic and visual monitoring of human motions. This is possibly because it is quite difficult to construct robust multifunctional materials with continuous and synergistic fluorescence/electronic signal responses over a wide strain range.Flexible strain sensors are of great importance in many emerging applications for human motion monitoring, implanted devices, and humanmachine interactive systems. However, the dual-channel sensing systems that enable both strain-dependent electronic and visually optical signal responses still remain underdeveloped, but such systems are of great interest for human-machine interactive uses. Here, inspired by the mechanically modulated skin color changes of squids via muscle contracting/releasing movements, a class of mechanofluorescent and conductive hydrogel laminates for visually flexible electronics is presented. The sensing laminates consist of interfacially bonded red fluorescent hyd...

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“…Smart or stimuli-responsive materials have controllable optical, mechanical, electronic, and/or other properties that can be effectively converted by external stimuli, such as mechanical force ( 1 – 13 ), light ( 14 – 18 ), temperature ( 11 , 18 – 20 ), moisture ( 17 , 21 – 23 ), electricity ( 24 – 27 ), and so on ( 13 , 27 – 30 ). One of the major efforts in this field is to mimic the intriguing micro-/nanotopographies of numerous organisms, which serve various functions in nature.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analogous artificial micro-/nanotopographies, like cracks ( 3 , 9 , 11 , 18 ), wrinkles ( 17 , 21 , 31 ), creases ( 27 , 33 ), and grooves ( 34 , 35 ), have been fabricated based on bilayer structures via the coupling of a rigid thin film and a soft substrate with strong interfacial bonding. Elastomers (such as polydimethylsiloxane [PDMS]) and hydrogels are the most common candidates used as the soft substrates ( 10 , 16 , 31 ), while the rigid thin film commonly consists of a polymer ( 10 , 20 , 21 ) or its composite with inorganic fillers ( 3 , 36 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic multifunctional devices enabled by ultrathin metal nanocoatings with optical/photothermal and morphological versatility

Zeng

Yang

Hou

et al. 2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Inspired by the intriguing adaptivity of natural life, such as squids and flowers, we propose a series of dynamic and responsive multifunctional devices based on multiscale structural design, which contain metal nanocoating layers overlaid with other micro-/nanoscale soft or rigid layers. Since the optical/photothermal properties of a metal nanocoating are thickness dependent, metal nanocoatings with different thicknesses were chosen to integrate with other structural design elements to achieve dynamic multistimuli responses. The resultant devices demonstrate 1) strain-regulated cracked and/or wrinkled topography with tunable light-scattering properties, 2) moisture/photothermal-responsive structural color coupled with wrinkled surface, and 3) mechanically controllable light-shielding properties attributed to the strain-dependent crack width of the nanocoating. These devices can adapt external stimuli, such as mechanical strain, moisture, light, and/or heat, into corresponding changes of optical signals, such as transparency, reflectance, and/or coloration. Therefore, these devices can be applied as multistimuli-responsive encryption devices, smart windows, moisture/photothermal-responsive dynamic optics, and smartphone app–assisted pressure-mapping sensors. All the devices exhibit high reversibility and rapid responsiveness. Thus, this hybrid system containing ultrathin metal nanocoatings holds a unique design flexibility and adaptivity and is promising for developing next-generation multifunctional devices with widespread application.

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Dynamic Mechanochromic Optics with Tunable Strain Sensitivity for Strain‐Responsive Digit Display

Cited by 27 publications

References 44 publications

Mechanoluminescence Rebrightening the Prospects of Stress Sensing: A Review

Mechanoluminescence Rebrightening the Prospects of Stress Sensing: A Review

Dual‐Channel Flexible Strain Sensors Based on Mechanofluorescent and Conductive Hydrogel Laminates

Dynamic multifunctional devices enabled by ultrathin metal nanocoatings with optical/photothermal and morphological versatility

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