Dynamic Model of Campaign Spending in Congressional Elections

Electoral Cycle Fluctuations in Partisanship: Global Evidence from Eighty-Six Countries

“…We expect that the temporal proximity to an election increases partisanship for multiple reasons. First, elections catalyze an increase in partisan mobilization of citizens (Box-Steffensmeier and Lin 1997;Fisher 1999;Horowitz 2012;Lindberg 2010;Plasser and Plasser 2002;Tucker 2007;Wilkinson 2004). 7 As party elites and their candidates anticipate the prospect of obtaining or retaining political power leading up to an election, they hit the campaign trail to mobilize citizens.…”

“…During election season, a wide variety of actors mobilize citizens. Political candidates and party elites, salivating in anticipation of obtaining or retaining power, are incentivized to reach out and mobilize the masses for political support, whereas they otherwise shift attention to elite legislative politics (Box-Steffensmeier and Lin 1997;Fisher 1999;Horowitz 2012;Lindberg 2010;Wilkinson 2004). Interest groups ramp up citizen mobilization efforts around elections given the added leverage to extract policy from parties (Chandra 2012;Khemani 2004).…”

The Incidence and Timing of PAC Contributions to Incumbent U.S. House Members, 1993-94

“…The empirical literature is mixed on the extent to which, and under which conditions, challenger deterrence actually occurs. 3 Finally, early expenditures have the greatest impact on the final election outcome (Box-Steffensmeier and Lin 1997;Krasno, Green, and Cowden 1994). For this study, we examined the various candidate characteristics that affected whether or not an incumbent received a contribution and when during the election cycle the incumbent received it.…”

Research Replication: Practical Considerations

“…For example, in 1996, some papers published in Political Analysis stored their replication materials in the ICPSR archive (Box-Steffensmeier and Lin 1996). However, because the policy was largely voluntary, other articles published in the journal at that time make no mention of replication materials.…”

“…Political Analysis —the journal of the Society for Political Methodology (SPM)—was among the first journals in social science to develop a replication policy for papers published in the journal, beginning after the publication of King’s 1995 paper. For example, in 1996, some papers published in Political Analysis stored their replication materials in the ICPSR archive (Box-Steffensmeier and Lin 1996). However, because the policy was largely voluntary, other articles published in the journal at that time make no mention of replication materials.…”