Dynamic modulation of reproductive strategies in a simultaneous hermaphrodite and preference for the male role

Santi, Massimiliano; Picchi, Laura; Lorenzi, María Cristina

doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.10.004

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Hermaphrodites often invest their resources to factors other than gamete production, such as parental care and mating behavior (Baeza, ; Lorenzi, Schleicherová, & Sella, ). For example, there exists a trade‐off between male behavior and egg production in the polychaete worm Ophryotrocha diadema (Picchi & Lorenzi, ; Santi, Picchi, & Lorenzi, ). In addition, a large variation in reproductive resource budget among individuals may mask the underlying trade‐off (Schärer, Sandner, & Michiels, ; Van Noordwijk & de Jong, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different effects of mating group size as male and as female on sex allocation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite

Tamechika

Matsuno

Wada

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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Sex allocation theory predicts that the optimal sexual resource allocation of simultaneous hermaphrodites is affected by mating group size (MGS). Although the original concept assumes that the MGS does not differ between male and female functions, the MGS in the male function (MGSm; i.e., the number of sperm recipients the focal individual can deliver its sperm to plus one) and that in the female function (MGSf; the number of sperm donors plus one) do not always coincide and may differently affect the optimal sex allocation. Moreover, reproductive costs can be split into “variable” (e.g., sperm and eggs) and “fixed” (e.g., genitalia) costs, but these have been seldom distinguished in empirical studies. We examined the effects of MGSm and MGSf on the fixed and variable reproductive investments in the sessilian barnacle Balanus rostratus. The results showed that MGSm had a positive effect on sex allocation, whereas MGSf had a nearly significant negative effect. Moreover, the “fixed” cost varied with body size and both aspects of MGS. We argue that the two aspects of MGS should be distinguished for organisms with unilateral mating.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different effects of mating group size as male and as female on sex allocation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite

Tamechika

Matsuno

Wada

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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“…On the other hand, population density may increase locally and temporarily as worms intercept mucous trails, follow them and converge to relatively crowded spots 72 . Indeed, these worms can flexibly and rapidly adjust their sex allocation to mating opportunities and can compete for mating as males 49 , 53 , 54 , two traits which points to fluctuations in population density and mating opportunities 73 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Egg-trading worms start reciprocation with caution, respond with confidence and care about partners’ quality

Lorenzi

Schleicherova

Robles-Guerrero

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Conditional reciprocity (help someone who helped you before) explains the evolution of cooperation among unrelated individuals who take turns helping each other. Reciprocity is vulnerable to exploitations, and players are expected to identify uncooperative partners who do not return the help they received. We tested this prediction in the simultaneously hermaphroditic worm, Ophryotrocha diadema, which engages in mutual egg donations by alternating sexual roles (one worm releases’ eggs and the other fertilizes them). We set up dyads with different cooperativeness expectations; partners were either the same or a different body size (body size predicts clutch size). Large worms offered larger clutches and did so sooner when paired with large rather than small partners. They also released smaller egg clutches when they started egg donations than when they responded to a partners’ donation, fulfilling the prediction that a players’ first move will be prudent. Finally, behavioral bodily interactions were more frequent between more size-dissimilar worms, suggesting that worms engaged in low-cost behavioral exchanges before investing in such costly moves as egg donations. These results support the hypothesis that simultaneously hermaphroditic worms follow a conditional reciprocity paradigm and solve the conflict over sexual roles by sharing the costs of reproduction via the male and the female functions.

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“…88,90,91 Thus, in these hermaphroditic animals, the environment directly influences the biological sex of the brain independent of the sexual identity of the gonads throughout development and adulthood. 96 Understanding simultaneous hermaphroditism at the level of neural circuits and behavior is particularly challenging because these species are able to switch between "male" and "female" behavioral states at the physiological timescale. Sex-specific remodeling of the gonadal tissues subsequently follows.…”

Section: Sex Determination At the Cellular And Molecular Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In response to mating opportunities, for example, Ophryotrocha diadema flatworms dynamically shift from female to male sex allocation when increasing mating opportunities, which suggests a mechanism by which dynamic sex allocation enables optimal fitness. 96 Understanding simultaneous hermaphroditism at the level of neural circuits and behavior is particularly challenging because these species are able to switch between "male" and "female" behavioral states at the physiological timescale. Therefore, in contrast to species with "fixed," developmentally regulated sex determination, simultaneous hermaphrodites must use the same neural circuits to drive sex-specific behaviors.…”

Section: Sex Determination At the Cellular And Molecular Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neurogenetics of sexually dimorphic behaviors from a postdevelopmental perspective

Leitner

Ben‐Shahar

2019

Genes Brain and Behavior

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Most sexually reproducing animal species are characterized by two morphologically and behaviorally distinct sexes. The genetic, molecular and cellular processes that produce sexual dimorphisms are phylogenetically diverse, though in most cases they are thought to occur early in development. In some species, however, sexual dimorphisms are manifested after development is complete, suggesting the intriguing hypothesis that sex, more generally, might be considered a continuous trait that is influenced by both developmental and postdevelopmental processes. Here, we explore how biological sex is defined at the genetic, neuronal and behavioral levels, its effects on neuronal development and function, and how it might lead to sexually dimorphic behavioral traits in health and disease. We also propose a unifying framework for understanding neuronal and behavioral sexual dimorphisms in the context of both developmental and postdevelopmental, physiological timescales. Together, these two temporally separate processes might drive sex-specific neuronal functions in sexually mature adults, particularly as it pertains to behavior in health and disease. K E Y W O R D Sbiological sex, Drosophila melanogaster, Mus musculus, sex determination, sexual dimorphism, sexual reproduction

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Dynamic modulation of reproductive strategies in a simultaneous hermaphrodite and preference for the male role

Cited by 9 publications

References 58 publications

Different effects of mating group size as male and as female on sex allocation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite

Different effects of mating group size as male and as female on sex allocation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite

Egg-trading worms start reciprocation with caution, respond with confidence and care about partners’ quality

The neurogenetics of sexually dimorphic behaviors from a postdevelopmental perspective

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