Dynamic range extension for photon counting arrays

Antolović, Ivan Michel; Bruschini, Claudio; Charbon, Edoardo

doi:10.1364/oe.26.022234

Cited by 70 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The repetition rate, as in any multiplexing method, is limited by the detection saturation (or pile-up) effect [33,37]; two or more photons can impinge on the same pixel (or time bin) yielding only a single 'click', interpreted as one photon. However, this becomes observable only at ∼4 Mcps per pixel [4]. Even at the modest number of pixels presented here this allows reliable measurements at up to ∼80 Mcps, and this can be further enhanced by scalingup the number of detectors in the array.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…This has been achieved by a synergy between innovative SPAD designs, process improvements and 3D integrated circuit (IC) technology advancements. In this work we focus on small arrays, optimized for confocal microscopy consisting of 23 pixels positioned in a 2D hexagonal lattice with a period of 23 µm, feed-ing a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) [4]. These SPAD arrays feature an average room-temperature DCR lower than 100 counts per second (cps) per pixel.…”

Section: Crosstalk Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this work, we use a novel 23 pixel SPAD array (see Figure 1(b) inset and ref [4]) with minimized crosstalk, fabricated in CMOS image sensor technology, to measure photon correlations from faint sources by statistically compensating for crosstalk artifacts. To demonstrate the PNR capabilities of the detector array we measure second and third order photon antibunching in the photoluminescence of a single quantum dot.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Quantum correlation measurement with single photon avalanche diode arrays

Lubin¹,

Tenne²,

Antolović³

et al. 2019

Opt. Express

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Temporal photon correlation measurement, instrumental to probing the quantum properties of light, typically requires multiple single photon detectors. Progress in single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array technology highlights their potential as high performance detector arrays for quantum imaging and photon number resolving (PNR) experiments. Here, we demonstrate this potential by incorporating a novel on-chip SPAD array with 55% peak photon detection probability, low dark count rate and crosstalk probability of 0.14% per detection, in a confocal microscope. This enables reliable measurements of second and third order photon correlations from a single quantum dot emitter. Our analysis overcomes the inter-detector optical crosstalk background even though it is over an order of magnitude larger than our faint signal. To showcase the vast application space of such an approach, we implement a recently introduced super-resolution imaging method, quantum image scanning microscopy (Q-ISM).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Crosstalk Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Quantum correlation measurement with single photon avalanche diode arrays

Lubin¹,

Tenne²,

Antolović³

et al. 2019

Opt. Express

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This "uniform-binning" method leads to a different image formation model which is known in literature as the oversampled binary image sensor [18] or quanta image sensor (QIS) [19,20]. In Supplementary Note 9, we show that in theory, this uniformbinning implementation has a smaller dynamic range as compared to a PF-SPAD that allows the dead time windows to shift adaptively [21]. Note, however, that state of the art QIS technology provides much higher resolution and fill factor with high quantum efficiencies, and lower read noise than current SPAD arrays.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Flux Passive Imaging With Single-Photon Sensors

Ingle

Velten

Gupta

2019

2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

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Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are an emerging technology with a unique capability of capturing individual photons with high timing precision. SPADs are being used in several active imaging systems (e.g., fluorescence lifetime microscopy and LiDAR), albeit mostly limited to low photon flux settings. We propose passive free-running SPAD (PF-SPAD) imaging, an imaging modality that uses SPADs for capturing 2D intensity images with unprecedented dynamic range under ambient lighting, without any active light source.Our key observation is that the precise inter-photon timing measured by a SPAD can be used for estimating scene brightness under ambient lighting conditions, even for very bright scenes. We develop a theoretical model for PF-SPAD imaging, and derive a scene brightness estimator based on the average time of darkness between successive photons detected by a PF-SPAD pixel. Our key insight is that due to the stochastic nature of photon arrivals, this estimator does not suffer from a hard saturation limit. Coupled with high sensitivity at low flux, this enables a PF-SPAD pixel to measure a wide range of scene brightnesses, from very low to very high, thereby achieving extreme dynamic range. We demonstrate an improvement of over 2 orders of magnitude over conventional sensors by imaging scenes spanning a dynamic range of 10 6 : 1.

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“…Therefore, seFRET is commonly used as a fast, simpler and more cost-effective alternative. Breakthroughs in FLIM-enabling technologies [42][43][44][45][46][47][48] and data analysis [49][50][51] are reducing the barrier to adoption for FLIM; therefore, as the choice between the two techniques might be slowly drift away from technical requirements, we aimed to develop a comparative analysis of the limits of both techniques from an information theory perspectives to provide guidance on the selection and also optimization of these methodologies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photon-statistics in sensitized emission FRET and FLIM: a comparative theoretical analysis

Esposito

2019

Preprint

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Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging is an essential analytical method in biomedical research. Sensitized emission FRET (seFRET) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) are the most common techniques used for the quantification of FRET. The limited photon-budget available in a typical experiment, however, imposes compromises between spatiotemporal and biochemical resolutions, photodamage and phototoxicity. The study of photon-statistics in biochemical imaging is thus important in guiding the efficient design of instrumentation and assays. Here, we show a comparative theoretical analysis of photon-statistics and provide computational tools to investigate the performance of FRET imaging by FLIM and seFRET. We show how the performance of FRET imaging can vary vastly with imaging parameters that should be thus always optimized. Therefore, we provide analytical tools, an open source computational framework and suggestions on assay optimization. FLIM is a very robust technique and provides excellent photon-efficiencies, but we show that also seFRET utilizes the available photon-budgets rather efficiently by utilizing information from both donor and acceptor fluorescence. We, also because of the utilization of the entire photon

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Dynamic range extension for photon counting arrays

Cited by 70 publications

References 35 publications

Quantum correlation measurement with single photon avalanche diode arrays

Quantum correlation measurement with single photon avalanche diode arrays

High Flux Passive Imaging With Single-Photon Sensors

Photon-statistics in sensitized emission FRET and FLIM: a comparative theoretical analysis

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