Dynamic recrystallization in friction surfaced austenitic stainless steel coatings

Friction surfacing of Ti–6Al–4V: Process characteristics and deposition behaviour at various rotational speeds

“…The severe plastic shear deformation and the thermal cycle imposed by the process alter the original microstructure of the consumable rod, leading to recrystallization, grain refinement and, depending on the processed material, phase transitions [6]. The impact on the substrate is limited, compared to fusion welding processes, due to the comparably low heat input [7].…”

Application of the friction surfacing process in a CNC machining center: a viability assessment for producing Al-alloy coatings on low carbon steel

“…The metal transfer is promoted by sliding (due to shear) along a rotational contact plane formed between the consumable rod and the deposited layer, also known as rubbing interface [5,6]. Because of the intense deformation at high-temperature dynamic recrystallization occurs during FS leading to a refined microstructure [7]. After processing, cooling to room temperature takes place relatively fast, which can lead to further transformations, e.g., formation of martensite in steel coatings [8].…”

“…From an application perspective, various different substrate/coatings have been pursued by FS, including stainless steel, tool steel, alloy steel, and Al-alloy and Ni-alloy coatings, mainly on carbon steel substrates [1]. The development of stainless steel, Ni-alloy, and Ti-alloy coatings on carbon steel is interesting for structural elements operating in reactive environments and investigations have been directed to both metallurgical/mechanical behavior of the FS coatings [7,[9][10][11][12] as well as corrosion resistance [13,14]. Tool steel coatings have been pursued because of their industrial relevance [15].…”

Application of Friction Surfacing to the Production of Aluminum Coatings Reinforced with Al2O3 Particles

“…Rafi et al 6 showed the microstructural evolution occurring in H13 steel, while Vilaça et al 12 showed the microstructural transformation in a consumable rod during FS. Gandra et al 13 obtained a refined microstructure with a degree of refinement of 33% after a FS process, Puli 14 related the dynamic recrystallization phenomenon during FS for a austenitic stainless steel and Suhuddin et al 15 made a brief investigation of dynamic recrystallization of AA6086-T6 during FS.…”

“…A more detailed investigation addressing the phenomenon of dynamic recrystallization that occurs during FS processing is also needed 14 . On this basis, the present work aims to carry out a more detailed investigation of the use of reinforcing particles in the deposits produced by FS, showing (i) the dispersion pattern of Al 2 O 3 particles in a qualitative and quantitative way, (ii) the relation to the Al 2 O 3 volume fraction with the hardness values of the obtained deposits, (iii) a study of the microstructural evolution during the processing through electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis, with the aim of providing evidence of the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization during FS, and (iv) the Al 2 O 3 particle influence on the final microstructure.…”