Dynamic Reserve and Transmission Capacity Allocation in Wind-Dominated Power Systems

Abstract

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Formation of ad hoc microgrids for prompt critical load pickup during blackouts by leveraging stochastic distributed energy resources

“…Let the directed graph represent the distribution feeder network, where the direction of the edges are defined arbitrarily. Then, connectivity of the MGs can be achieved by adopting a hybrid version of the single‐commodity flow method presented in [30] and [31], which is used to ensure connected sub‐graphs. This method is based on the fact that an arbitrary commodity unit that has no physical meaning needs to be able to ‘flow’ from a source node to each node within a fully connected MG. A quantity of commodity units equivalent to the cardinality of each MG are injected at their source nodes, with each node in the MG ‘absorbing’ one unit of the commodity.…”

“…The MG is fully connected if all the injected units are completely ‘absorbed’ by the nodes without violating the nodal balance and branch flow constraints. We fix the source injection points for each MG as in [30] to improve scalability, but use bidirectional flow variables as proposed in [31]. The source injection nodes are fixed at unique grid‐forming DERs for each MG, that is , given that the number of possible MGs are defined by the number of grid‐forming DERs, we set their injection points at the corresponding DER.…”

“…Further, let represent the commodity flow over line l in MG j , and be a collection of flow variables across all branches in MG j . Then, the constraints, which are modified from [30, 31], $$$$…”

“…Further, let 𝜑 l , j represent the commodity flow over line l in MG j , and 𝝋 (⋅, j ) be a collection of flow variables across all branches in MG j . Then, the constraints, which are modified from [30,31],…”

Determining Optimal Operating Reserves Toward Wind Power Penetration in Indonesia Based on Hybrid Artificial Intelligence

“…It needs additional operating reserves to maintain the stability of the power system due to the penetration of WPPs. In [1], the authors explained the reserve procurement approach and transmission capacity allocation in a power system with high penetration of WPPs. Other literature [2] describes the multi-purpose dynamic economic delivery model with renewable liability requirements.…”