Dynamic Signature of tRNA-Derived Small RNAs in Cancer Pathogenesis as a Promising Valuable Approach

Abstract

Background: Non-coding RNAs are a cluster of RNAs that do not encode functional proteins, and involve infrastructural and regulatory types, which transfer RNAs (tRNAs) belong to former and small RNAs (sRNA) to the latter one. Recently, tRNA-derived small RNAs (tDRs) were discovered among small non-coding RNA, as the newly discovered regulatory small RNA. It plays a role in pathological and physiological processes, which is frequently dysregulated in gene expression regulation. tsRNAs can be bounded to argonaute proteins and piwi proteins such as miRNAs and piRNAs sequentially. In addition, it can interact with DNA and histone methylation machinery Results: In initial searching, 2744 unique articles were identified by bio electronically search of following databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and google scholar up to 25 February 2020. Finally, after Full-text assessment 48 related article to gene expression profiling tsRNA in cancer were achieved. Conclusions: In this systematic review, we summarized the most recent findings related to the expression of tsRNAs in 17 cancer types. We suggested that tsRNA in cancer field attracted the researchers' focus and effectively facilitated diagnostic and therapy approaches. There is little consensus over tRF production mechanism, and dicer-dependent cleavage of mature tRNAs has been suggested [11]. Dysregulation of tsRNAs could interfere in the gene expression in pre/post transcriptional and protein translation. Furthermore, researchers target the tsRNA via gene repression of mRNAs, reported construct silencing, translation inhibition, cell proliferation modulation, exonuclease mRNAs Xrn2-mediated degradation, Ybx1 protein displacement, and sense-induced trans-silencing [12]. Moreover, they have been engaged in cellular and pathophysiological tools, concerning porphyrin biosynthesis, reverse transcription, cell proliferation, differentiation, viability, cell signalling, control of viral replication, and utterly in disease ranging from metabolic disorders and neuro degenerative disease to various types of cancer [13-19]. At first, in 2009, small RNA sequencing data was recognized as tsRNA in prostate cancer [20]. Then, the scientists analyzed more samples, which were abundant in small RNA [21]. They declared that, this biomarker could be potentially applied in many cancer types as a screening and even be targeted for therapy. Moreover, tsRNA is essential in cell cycle proliferation and propagation as well as playing a significant role in tumorigenesis either oncogenic or tumor-suppressor functions [22]. Besides, induction and dysregulation of a set of hypoxia related tsRNAs and also tsRNA suppressive factors in Notch signaling pathway can help in maintenance and metastasis of cancer stem cell [23, 24]. Unfortunately, the exact pathway of tsRNA in cancer has not been clarified yet and we design the schematic of tRNA-derived small RNAs biogenesis in Fig. 1. In this systematic review, we summarized the frequency and function of tsRNAs in different cancer types. Met...

The role of IgG4 in systemic lupus erythematosus: Implications for pathogenesis and therapy

“…[ 45 ] Upon TLR stimulation, BCR identifies distinct antigens that contain RNA and/or DNA, leading to the production of protein polypeptides and subsequent activation of B cells. [ 46,47 ] Activated B cells translocate toward the periphery of the follicle and engage in interactions with CD4 + T cells via T‐cell receptor (TCR) and co‐stimulatory molecules. [ 48–50 ] Activated B cells have been observed to secrete various cytokines, including IL‐6, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and IL‐10.…”