Dynamic simulation of emulsion formation in a high pressure homogenizer

Improving Product Quality with Entrapped Stable Emulsions: From Theory to Industrial Application

“…The subsequent higher energy density transfer rates (compared to other mixing devices) produce smaller eddies and hence smaller droplet sizes. The use of HH systems, as mentioned earlier, may also give comparable results [39][40][41][42][43]. Consequently, the user application, product specifications, and performance requirements dictate which technology is selected.…”

“…The high efficiency of a CIJ system is not always evident when compared with high pressure homogenizers (HPH), especially those with an orifice valve [39]. Recent studies on nano-emulsification by high pressure systems further substantiate that fact [40][41][42][43]. The use of the Microfluidizer TM platform technology in this work as illustrative hardware is based upon our familiarity with this equipment and the successful applications as reported throughout this document.…”

“…When a mixture of more than two types of emulsifiers is used to prepare an emulsion, their interaction and the competitive adsorption mechanism at the oil-water interface should also be investigated [7,[40][41][42][43][44][64][65][66][67][68]. Low molecular weight surfactants are much smaller in size than biopolymers; thus they can reduce interfacial tension more efficiently and quickly by adsorbing a large number of molecules within the same surface area.…”

Application of High Pressure Homogenization to Improve Stability and Decrease Droplet Size in Emulsion-Flavor Systems

“…Inertial forces are usually predominant, but viscous forces may be involved in the homogenization process. Turbulent fragmentation can be seen to be controlled by two factors; the amount of dissipated energy, closely linked to the pressure, and the drop deformation time relative to the turbulent eddy life time, linked to disperse phase viscosity (37,50,51,55,59,60). Whereas the viscosity of the continuous phase does not play a significant role on the disruption efficiency, the disperse phase viscosity or the viscosity ratio, defined as the ratio of the viscosity of the disperse phase to the viscosity of the emulsion phase (ηd/ηem) or of the continuous phase (ηd/ηc), represents an important parameter (26).…”

“…valve geometry) into account. In the literature, different disruption mechanisms are generally emphasized as the cause of the droplet disruption in the high pressure homogenizer: simultaneous viscous stress, implosion of cavitation bubbles and interactions with turbulent eddies being the most predominantly found explanations (51,37,57,58). For a given valve geometry, disruption is also influenced by product properties and operating conditions (26); detailed studies of carefully scaled models show no fragmentation at all in the valve gap, rather within the region of the valve gap and in the jet after the gap, where the flow is elongational and then turbulent, respectively.…”