Dynamic transfer of simulated altimeter data into subsurface information by a numerical ocean model

Abstract

A global, eddy‐resolving capability to predict the ocean circulation is technologically feasible within the next decade. For this purpose, the satellite altimeter is the most promising operational source of oceanic data with global coverage, but only at the surface. A comparable source of subsurface data is not on the horizon. This investigation demonstrates the ability of a numerical ocean model to dynamically transfer simulated altimeter data into subsurface information. This was done for a variety of dynamical regimes with (1) barotropic, baroclinic, mixed, and episodic instabilities, (2) flat bottoms or large‐amplitude topography, (3) relatively vigorous or gentle exchange of energy between the layers, and (4) major time scales that are short (∼60 days), long (∼1 year), or both. In all cases the pattern of the deep pressure field is much different from the one for the current‐related variations in the sea surface elevation, and sometimes not obviously related to it. The model was able to reconstruct the deep pressure field even in situations with energetic shallow and deep circulations, baroclinic instability, and a vigorous vertical exchange of energy. However, in such experiments the frequency of updating for the free surface elevation was critical. In this study the maximum update interval that allowed successful dynamic surface to subsurface transfer was about half the shortest major time scale (SMTS, e.g., 50–60 days in the experiments with baroclinic instability). Without knowledge of the deep pressure field, numerical predictions of the surface pressure field and the depth of the pycnocline typically were better than climatology for 1/4 to 1/2 the SMTS, but with successful dynamic surface to subsurface transfer, forecasts without updating were better than climatology for the SMTS or more. The time scale for predictive skill can be substantially longer than the maximum update interval permitted because the update interval must be short enough to allow decreasing error in the deep pressure field from one free surface update to the next until the error asymptotes at some acceptable level, approximately 30–50% in these results. Forecasts of nondispersive isolated eddies with beta Rossby number O(1) demonstrated predictive skill for 3 months or more even when the subsurface initial state was unknown. A serendipitous result of the study is some progress in understanding the generation of cyclonic eddies associated with the Loop Current in the eastern Gulf of Mexico (section 5.5).

Simulation of distant tsunami propagation with a radial loading deformation effect

“…For example, a two-layer model for investigating the Table 1. Kuroshio current, by Isobe and Imawaki (2002) used parameters of h 1 = 600 m, h 2 = 2400 m, and ε = 0.0020, and give a deviation factor of 0.99984. Parameters found in other several two-layer models on western boundary currents (Hurlburt, 1986;Yoon and Yasuda, 1987;Endoh and Hibiya, 2000) give a deviation factor 0.99981-0.99990, being a 0.01-0.02% deviation from √ g(h 1 + h 2 ). Therefore, the delay of the distant tsunami propagation behind √ g H (0.8-1.0% deviation) arises mostly from the SAL effect, and weakly from ocean density stratification.…”

Sequential updating assimilation of simulated Geosat altimeter data from mesoscale features into a two-layer quasi-geostrophic model

“…Thus, the topographic waves are not continually captured by the Geosat. The GS and the NAC with H 1 = 250 m are only marginally unstable for a meander with L w = 220 km, while such a meander rapidly grows with H 1 = 500 m. Assimilation for 220-km wavelength meanders may not be feasible using the model with the 500-m thick upper layer, because the repeat cycle interval of 17 days is longer than the e-folding time scale of 10 days (Hurlburt, 1986).…”

“…Hurlburt (1986) assimilated "simulated" altimeter data only as sea surface height information into a free surface, two-layer primitive equation model. He showed that the subsurface mesoscale field was reconstructed reasonably well by the mode adjustment, provided that update intervals were about half the shortest major time scale.…”

An introduction to GODAE OceanView

“…Initial evidence that the altimeter data could be effectively assimilated into models came mainly from idealised experiments using simple models (Hurlburt 1986) statistics on vertical structure (De Mey & Robinson 1987) and ideas on conservation of water mass properties (Cooper & Haines 1996).…”