Dynamic viability of the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake cascade on weak crustal faults

Ulrich, Thomas; Gabriel, Alice‐Agnes; Ampuero, Jean‐Paul; Xu, Wenbin

doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09125-w

Cited by 139 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The first set of experiments using variable boundary velocity (t1a–t1e; Table ) shows that distributed cataclastic flow combined with viscous creep produces a persistent, though relatively cold (ΔT 7–30 °C), thermal anomaly in a range of depth between 6 and 8 km (Figure b). In the second set of experiments, coseismic weakening yields an instantaneous decrease of viscosity along the fault with transient value between 10 5 and 10 −7 Pa s, as expected for lubricated faults (Cornelio et al, ; Ulrich et al, ). This viscosity drop triggers high displacement rates in the hanging wall, where markers reach peak velocities between 0.05 and 0.2 ms −1 (Figure ).…”

Section: Results Of Numerical Experimentssupporting

confidence: 57%

Time‐Dependent Heat Budget of a Thrust from Geological Records and Numerical Experiments

et al. 2020

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We present thermometric measurements and numerical simulations of the thermal budget of a shallow thrust (5–7 km of depth). We determine the temperatures of synkinematic minerals by chlorite geothermometer and illite crystallinity index and sheared veins with stable isotope and fluid inclusion microthemometry. The fault zone attained temperature higher than the wall rocks (ΔT of ~50 °C). Some heavily damaged rocks retain a minor but systematic record of a further temperature increase up to 150 °C, and the isotopic signal of fluids indicates a proximal source localized close to the fault zone. We simulated the geological evolution with a suite of elasto‐visco‐plastic thermomechanical models using a 2‐D finite difference code that reproduces the stress, strain, temperature, and pressure variations occurring within the thrust zone. Results indicate that shear heating during distributed cataclastic flow can account for a moderate and persistent temperature increment (ΔT 5–30 °C). Transient higher temperature pulses (50–90 °C) are reproduced simulating coseismic slip along narrow fault planes localized within the broad cataclastic zone. Integration of analytical data and numerical results supports the slow creeping frictional‐viscous deformation as effective mechanism explaining the low‐T part of the thermal history. Seismic deformation equivalent to moment magnitude Mw > 6.5–7.0 earthquakes is required to fully account for the thermal signal, including the extreme peak temperature.

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Section: Results Of Numerical Experimentssupporting

confidence: 57%

Time‐Dependent Heat Budget of a Thrust from Geological Records and Numerical Experiments

et al. 2020

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“…Our results show that the resolution of displacements from photogrammetry‐derived point clouds can also be sufficient for these applications. Among other applications, constraints on the location of faults from 3‐D displacement fields could potentially help inform (1) dynamic models of rupture propagation (e.g., Ando & Kaneko, ; Klinger et al, ; Ulrich et al, ) and (2) models of static stress transfer between faults (e.g., Mildon et al, ; Stein et al, ). Well‐constrained vertical and fault‐perpendicular horizontal offsets across faults are especially valuable for these applications, because they can be used to constrain fault dip (Lajoie et al, ; Diederichs et al, ; section ).…”

Section: Surface Ruptures In the Seaward Kaikōura Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mapped surface ruptures for the northern and southern faults are separated by~4.5 km and the Hope Fault (Litchfield, Villamor, et al, 2018;Zinke et al, 2019), and it is not clear how the 2016 rupture propagated between them. Dynamic rupture models have suggested that the 2016 rupture either (1) "jumped" 15-20 km from the Hundalee Fault to the Jordan Fault through dynamic-stress triggering (Ando & Kaneko, 2018) or (2) propagated along an offshore fault to the Papatea Fault, before moving north to the Jordan-Kekerengu system (Klinger et al, 2018;Ulrich et al, 2019). A third possibility is that rupture propagated more directly between the Hundalee and Jordan faults by rupturing the onshore Whites and Snowflake Spur faults (Zinke et al, 2019).…”

Section: The 2016 Kaikōura Earthquakementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1) dynamic models of rupture propagation (e.g., Ando & Kaneko, 2018;Klinger et al, 2018;Ulrich et al, 2019) and (2) models of static stress transfer between faults (e.g., Mildon et al, 2019;Stein et al, 1997). Well-constrained vertical and fault-perpendicular horizontal offsets across faults are especially valuable for these applications, because they can be used to constrain fault dip Diederichs et al, 2019; section 5.2).…”

Section: Journal Of Geophysical Research: Solid Earthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Any model of stress transfer or rupture propagation between faults must depend on a model of fault locations and geometries (e.g., Ando & Kaneko, 2018;Ulrich et al, 2019). The slip distribution, location, and geometry of a fault can be difficult to constrain, even after rupture in an earthquake (Ragon et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three‐Dimensional Surface Displacements During the 2016 M_W 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake (New Zealand) From Photogrammetry‐Derived Point Clouds

et al. 2020

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High-resolution, three-dimensional (3-D) measurements of surface displacements during earthquakes can provide constraints on fault geometry and near-surface slip and also quantify on-fault and off-fault deformation. However, measurements of surface displacements are often hampered by a lack of high-resolution preearthquake elevation data, such as lidar. For example, preearthquake lidar for the 2016 M W 7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, earthquake only covers ≲10% of~180 km of mapped surface ruptures.To overcome a lack of preearthquake lidar, we measure 3-D coseismic displacements during the Kaikōura earthquake using point clouds generated from aerial photographs. From these point clouds, which cover the whole area of the 2016 surface ruptures, it is possible to measure 3-D displacements to within ±0.2 m. We measure coseismic slip and estimate the geometries of faults in the steep, inaccessible Seaward Kaikōura mountains, where postearthquake field observations are very sparse. The Jordan Fault (previously the Jordan Thrust) ruptured in 2016 as a moderate-to-steeply dipping (~50-80°), predominantly strike-slip fault. Slip on this fault in 2016-which included a normal-sense component in some areas-contrasts with field observations that indicate significant longer-term shortening across the Jordan Fault during the Holocene. It is therefore likely that different earthquakes on the Jordan Fault have very different slip vectors and that the fault does not exhibit "characteristic" slip behavior. For faults like the Jordan Fault, long-term time-averaged estimates of slip rate may not be reliable indicators of the sense and magnitude of slip in individual earthquakes.

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Fused GEMMs towards an efficient GPU implementation of the ADER‐DG method in SeisSol

Dorozhinskii,

Gadeschi,

Bader

2024

Concurrency and Computation

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SummaryThis study shows how GPU performance of the ADER discontinuous Galerkin method in SeisSol (an earthquake simulation software) can be further improved while preserving its original design that ensures high CPU performance. We introduce a new code generator (“ChainForge”) that fuses subsequent batched matrix multiplications (“GEMMs”) into a single GPU kernel, holding intermediate results in shared memory as long as necessary. The generator operates as an external module linked against SeisSol's domain specific language YATeTo and, as a result, the original SeisSol source code remains mainly unchanged. In this paper, we discuss several challenges related to automatic fusion of GPU kernels and provide solutions to them. By and large, we gain 60% in performance of SeisSol's wave propagation solver using Fused‐GEMMs compared to the original GPU implementation. We demonstrated this on benchmarks as well as on a real production scenario simulating the Northridge 1994 earthquake.

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Dynamic viability of the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake cascade on weak crustal faults

Cited by 139 publications

References 69 publications

Time‐Dependent Heat Budget of a Thrust from Geological Records and Numerical Experiments

Time‐Dependent Heat Budget of a Thrust from Geological Records and Numerical Experiments

Three‐Dimensional Surface Displacements During the 2016 M_W 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake (New Zealand) From Photogrammetry‐Derived Point Clouds

Fused GEMMs towards an efficient GPU implementation of the ADER‐DG method in SeisSol

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Dynamic viability of the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake cascade on weak crustal faults

Cited by 139 publications

References 69 publications

Time‐Dependent Heat Budget of a Thrust from Geological Records and Numerical Experiments

Time‐Dependent Heat Budget of a Thrust from Geological Records and Numerical Experiments

Three‐Dimensional Surface Displacements During the 2016 MW 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake (New Zealand) From Photogrammetry‐Derived Point Clouds

Fused GEMMs towards an efficient GPU implementation of the ADER‐DG method in SeisSol

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Three‐Dimensional Surface Displacements During the 2016 M_W 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake (New Zealand) From Photogrammetry‐Derived Point Clouds