“…The PBPK models can integrate the physiological structures of organism and physicochemical properties of toxicants and can quantitatively describe the kinetic processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (Krishnan and Peyret, 2009). The PBPK models have been used in several aquatic fish species subjected to various chemicals; e.g., cadmium in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), dioxin in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Nichols et al, 1998), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, pentachloroethane, and hexachloroethane in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) (Lien et al, 2001), and arsenic and copper in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) (Liao et al, 2005;Chen and Liao, 2014). However, those developed PBPK models did not investigate the NP accumulation in fish.…”