“…Alternative hypotheses have been suggested for providing observable proxies for expectations variables, especially commodity prices. These include the static expectations hypothesis (Ezekiel, 1938;Walsh, 1944;Bean, 1929;Smith, 1928), the extrapolative expectations hypothesis (Powell and Gruen, 1966;Goodwin, 1947) and the adaptive expectations hypothesis (Nerlove, 1956(Nerlove, , 1979Askari and Cummings, 1977;Nowshirvani, 1971). …”