“…For the density propagation problem featuring the highly deformed and elongated density distribution after long-term propagations, to get accurate density in an efficient way, many practical techniques are applied within different method frameworks [4,13,23,27]. For example, for highly nonlinear problems, as shown by [4,27], the introduction of the domain splitting improves the density accuracy of the Differential Algebra (DA) method by subdividing the initial larger density domain into smaller subdomains. When tackling the long-term density propagation problem featuring highly deformed and elongated density distribution within the GMM framework, as shown by [23], hybrid Gaussian Mixture splitting techniques combining both the initial multidirectional splitting and adaptive splitting during the propagation, are necessary for the accurate density propagation, by allowing the smaller density domains for Gaussians both at the initial time and during the density propagation.…”