Dynamically or Kinetically Controlled? Computational Study of the Mechanisms of Electrophilic Aminoalkenylation of Heteroaromatics with Keteniminium Ions

Abstract

Quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to study the electrophilic aminoalkenylation of heteroaromatics with keniminium ions. Post-transition state bifurcation (PTSB) was found in the electrophilic addition step for the aminoalkenylation of pyrroles and indoles, and the selectivity for these reactions was dynamically controlled. However, the aminoalkenylation of furan was kinetically controlled because no apparent PTSB was found in the electrophilic addition step. The substituents on the keteniminium ions can also affect the dynamic results for the aminoalkenylations to pyrroles: the C2-aminoalkenylated product is much more favored over the C3-aminoalkenylated product for keteniminium ions with electron-donating substituents, while the product ratio (C2 product/C3 product) decreased when stronger electron-withdrawing substituents were applied.