Dynamically vulcanized polylactic acid/natural rubber/waste rubber blends: Effect of the crosslinking agent on the morphology and tensile properties

Candau, Nicolas; Albiter, Noel León; Coll, Pol Roura; Maspoch, M. Ll.

doi:10.1002/app.53001

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…This value is also higher than the reported toughness (16.2 MJm −3 ) for dynamically vulcanized PLA/NR blends at optimum crosslink agent content. 28 This result can be attributed to a synergy between the PLA matrix phase and the ANR dispersed phase. Most likely, the improved interaction by ester groups in PLA backbone and acetate pendant of ANR plays a crucial role in this synergism.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PLA blends with vulcanized natural rubber have also been studied to achieve enhanced toughness. [27][28][29][30] However, presence of crosslinked phase in the blend has some drawbacks with respect to biodegradability and recyclability. It is well known that biodegradability of crosslinked polymers is so difficult because of network structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced strength and toughness of polylactic acid by blending with modified natural rubber having acetate pendant group

Ozbay

Gumus

2023

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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Among biobased and biodegradable polymers, polylactic acid (PLA) is most widely used one. However, its poor mechanical properties need to be enhanced. In this study, PLA blend film with improved mechanical properties were developed without compromising any bio-content. For this, natural rubber derivative with acetate pendant group (ANR) and PLA blend films were prepared. First, natural rubber was epoxidized, and then partial acetylation was achieved by the ring-opening reaction of the epoxy groups. The epoxidation and the acetylation were examined by FTIR analysis. 1H-NMR spectrum revealed a 29% epoxidation and 8.25% acetylation degree. The Tg of natural rubber (−66°C) increased to −41°C and −31°C after epoxidation and acetylation, respectively. The compatibility of ENR and ANR with PLA was evident from the DSC results and Molau test. The morphology of PLA blend film containing 25 wt% of ANR (ANR25) was observed as well-dispersed fine droplets by SEM images. The tensile strength, elastic modulus, and yield strength of ANR25 were measured as 11.6 MPa, 397.3 MPa, and 6.9 MPa, respectively. These values are considerably higher than neat PLA film. Compared to reported studies on PLA toughening so far, increments in both the strength and elongation of ANR25 were observed by tensile tests. Moreover, highest toughness among all samples was determined as 18.8 MJm−3 for ANR25, which is 1.8 times higher than neat PLA. Thus, a strong and tough bio-based PLA blend was developed for film application such as packaging and sheeting.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced strength and toughness of polylactic acid by blending with modified natural rubber having acetate pendant group

Ozbay

Gumus

2023

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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“…Remarkably, the σ s obtained in this work is significantly higher than previous works that produced the σ s of 12 kGy-irradiated neat NR latex (12.9 MPa), 24 and rubber blend filled with dicumyl peroxide accelerator (1.3 MPa). 26 Moreover, the 14 kGy-vulcanized NR/SIS film passed the mechanical properties required by international standard of ASTM D3725 for examination gloves, as the σ s of this blend (24.45 MPa) exceeded the minimum σ s and E requirement of 18 MPa and less than 5 MPa, respectively. As previously found, the nanosized particles (below 10 nm) in this vulcanized NR/SIS blend film might accelerate chemical interaction between gamma ray and nanoparticles.…”

Section: Gel Content Crosslink Density Thermal and Mechanical Propert...mentioning

confidence: 85%

Optimizing natural rubber blends for examination gloves: Vacuum radiation for mechanical strength and solvent barrier

Lazim,

Shamsudin,

Hidzir

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Natural rubber (NR) is emblematic of sustainability compared to synthetic rubber. However, the tradition of adding sulfur as a vulcanization ingredient results in the release of toxic substances and the potential for health issues. In this study, a feasible strategy was proposed to replace sulfur and discover a safe bulk modification process for NR films. The results have shown that the NR particle size was disintegrated to below 10 nm by gamma irradiation. High tension strength up to 24.45 MPa was observed in the vulcanized NR blend film, which could be elongated up to 800% strain after exposure to an optimum dose of 14 kGy. In comparison to commercial NR latex and nitrile gloves, the vulcanized NR/ SIS films exhibited better chemical resistance ability against hexane, methanol, toluene, and acetone, as revealed by the permeation test. The appearance of amorphous regions and highly oriented NR crystallites was observed through transmission electron microscopy. Findings from this study propose the vacuum radiation strategy that can replace conventional vulcanization methods, resulting in NR films with high mechanical and barrier performance. Furthermore, the emission of toxic substances is reduced by this green process, making it practically useful for potential chemical‐resistant examination glove applications.

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“…Many studies have recently been done on PLA rubber/elastomer blends to change the characteristics of PLA for numerous technical applications that need demanding applications [9,15,27,[94][95][96][97][98][99]. As for FDM 3D printing, PLA and NR were mixed with increasing toughness and investigated by Fekete et al [100].…”

Section: Toughening Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifications of Poly(lactic Acid) with Blends and Plasticization for Tenacity and Toughness Improvement

Mat Piah,

Ahmad,

Abdullah

et al. 2023

Indones. J. Chem.

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This review focuses on the modification of the inherent brittleness of biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to increase its toughness, as well as recent advances in this field. The most often utilized toughening methods are melt blending, plasticization, and rubber toughening. The process of selecting a toughening scheme is still difficult, although it directly affects the blend's mechanical properties. There has been a lot of development, but there is still a long way to go before we get easily processable, totally bio-based, 100% biodegradable PLA. The blends of PLA with other polymers, such as plasticizers or rubber, are often incompatible with one another, which causes the blend's individual components to behave in a manner consistent with phase separation. Polymer blending has been shown to be particularly effective in attaining high-impact strength. This review addresses the recent progress in improving the toughened PLA to gain properties necessary for the material's future engineering applications. As 3D and 4D printing becomes more accessible, PLA characteristics may be modified and treated utilizing more sophisticated production techniques.

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Dynamically vulcanized polylactic acid/natural rubber/waste rubber blends: Effect of the crosslinking agent on the morphology and tensile properties

Cited by 14 publications

References 58 publications

Enhanced strength and toughness of polylactic acid by blending with modified natural rubber having acetate pendant group

Enhanced strength and toughness of polylactic acid by blending with modified natural rubber having acetate pendant group

Optimizing natural rubber blends for examination gloves: Vacuum radiation for mechanical strength and solvent barrier

Modifications of Poly(lactic Acid) with Blends and Plasticization for Tenacity and Toughness Improvement

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