Dynamics of a fertilizer contaminant plume in groundwater

Barcelona, Michael J.; Naymik, Thomas G.

doi:10.1021/es00122a009

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In large portions of the United States, more than 25% of all of the wells sampled exceeded 3 mg/L nitrate-N (214 mM), while long-term trends indicated increasing nitrate concentrations in all sections of the country [Spalding and Exner, 1991]. Serious nitrate contamination problems can arise from non-point-source contamination due to overfertilization or overwatering of row crops [Saffigna and Keeney, 1977;Spalding et al, 1978;Gormly and Spalding, 1979;Spalding et al, 1982;Burt et al, 1993;Böhlke, 2002] and localized or point source causes, such as feedlots, dairy and poultry farms, fertilizer handling facilities, waste ponds, septic systems, and wastewater disposal practices [Robertson, 1979;Barcelona and Naymik, 1984;LeBlanc, 1984;Aravena et al, 1993]. Well-drained, coarse-grained soils appear to be particularly high-risk areas for transport of nitrate to groundwater [Nolan et al, 1997].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with ¹⁵N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction

Smith

Böhlke

Garabedian

et al. 2004

Water Resources Research

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Denitrification was measured within a nitrate-contaminated aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, using natural gradient tracer tests with 15 N nitrate. The aquifer contained zones of relatively high concentrations of nitrite (up to 77 mM) and nitrous oxide (up to 143 mM) and has been the site of previous studies examining ground water denitrification using the acetylene block technique. Small-scale (15-24 m travel distance) tracer tests were conducted by injecting 15 N nitrate and bromide as tracers into a depth interval that contained nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide, and excess nitrogen gas. The timing of the bromide breakthrough curves at down-gradient wells matched peaks in 15 N abundance above background for nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen gas after more than 40 days of travel. Results were simulated with a one-dimensional transport model using linked reaction kinetics for the individual steps of the denitrification reaction pathway. It was necessary to include within the model spatial variations in background concentrations of all nitrogen oxide species. The model indicated that nitrite production (0.036-0.047 mmol N (L aquifer) À1 d À1 ) was faster than the subsequent denitrification steps (0.013-0.016 mmol N (L aquifer) À1 d À1 for nitrous oxide and 0.013-0.020 mmol N (L aquifer) À1 d À1 for nitrogen gas) and that the total rate of reaction was slower than indicated by both acetylene block tracer tests and laboratory incubations. The rate of nitrate removal by denitrification was much slower than the rate of transport, indicating that nitrate would migrate several kilometers down-gradient before being completely consumed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with ¹⁵N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction

Smith

Böhlke

Garabedian

et al. 2004

Water Resources Research

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“…The fate of NH4+ and N03~i n groundwater is largely determined by the microbiology and geochemistry of the subsurface (11). The microbial populations in the aquifer can catalyze redox processes and, therefore, affect speciation of the inorganic nitrogen compounds (12)(13)(14). These species can be transported at different velocities based on the geochemical properties of the particular species and of the aquifer material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retardation of ammonium and potassium transport through a contaminated sand and gravel aquifer: the role of cation exchange

Ceazan¹,

Thurman²,

Smith³

1989

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Groundwater contamination by NH 4 + typically occurs because of surface activities such as composting, landfilling (Erksine, 2000), disposal of animal wastes and animal carcasses (Ritter & Chirnside, 1995;Umezawa et al, 2008), fertilizer storage (Barcelona& Naymik, 1984), and septic system effluent (Aravena & Robertson, 1998). NH 4 + contaminated groundwater is a likely site for anammox activity.…”

Section: Tracing Anammox In Contaminated Ground Water-a Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation in Waste Water -An Isotope Hydrological Perspective

Xing¹,

Clark²

2011

Waste Water - Treatment and Reutilization

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Excess nitrogen components must be removed from wastewater to protect the quality of the water bodies that it will be eventually discharged to. A conventional wastewater treatment system for nitrogen removal is often involved with two processes, nitrification and denitrification. Nitrification is mostly achieved by complete oxidation of ammonium (NH 4 +) to nitrite (NO 2-) by the appropriate aerobic bacteria and then oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate ion (NO 3-) by another variety of aerobic bacteria. Subsequently, the formed nitrate will be reduced to dinitrogen gas under anoxic conditions at the expense of organic carbon and released into the atmosphere as a harmless product (van Dongen et al., 2001). The introduction of oxygen into wastewater for nitrification requires a large amount of energy. Furthermore, the carbon source is often limited in wastewater, so purchasing of carbon source (typically methanol) is necessary too. A newly discovered anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) may circumvent the limitations and open up a new possibility for nitrogen removal from wastewater. The alternative approach is a microbiological involved activity which requires less energy and enables more efficiency on N removal. 2. The history and physiology of anammox The discovery of anammox activity and anammox bacteria is quite recent. Even though Richards (1965) has noticed NH 4 + deficits in anoxic marine basins, and proposed that the missing NH 4 + was anaerobically oxidized to N 2 by some unknown microbe using nitrate as an oxidant, which was coined one of two "lithotrophs missing in nature" by Broda (1977). Because there was no known biological pathway for this transformation, biological anaerobic ammonium oxidation received littler further attention (Arrigo, 2005). It was not until mid-1990s, work with bioreactors designed to remove NH 4 + from wastewater provided direct evidence for anaerobic ammonium oxidation, and the process was termed "anammox" by Mulder and his colleagues (1995). A series of 15 N-labellling experiment were carried out to study the metabolic mechanism and intermediates of anammox reaction (van de Graaf et al., 1995; 1997). It is a chemolithotrophic process in which 1 mol of NH 4 + is oxidized by 1 mol of NO 2-to produce N 2 gas in the absence of oxygen (Strous et al., 1999). NH 4 + + NO 2-→ N 2 +2H 2 O (1) www.intechopen.com Waste Water-Treatment and Reutilization 90 The pathway of N 2 formation clearly distinguishes anammox from denitrification which combines N from two NO 3-molecules to form N 2 and presents as an elegant shortcut in the natural nitrogen cycles (Fig 1.) Physical purification of the anammox microbes from the multispecies biofilms yielded a 99.6% pure culture that was capable of carrying out PCR amplification of the DNA. The microbes responsible for anammox process were identified as members of the bacterial order Planctomycetales (Strous et al., 1999). The first genome sequence of a representative anammox bacterium was published in 2006 (Strous et al., 2006). To date, five anamm...

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Dynamics of a fertilizer contaminant plume in groundwater

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with ¹⁵N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction

Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with ¹⁵N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction

Retardation of ammonium and potassium transport through a contaminated sand and gravel aquifer: the role of cation exchange

Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation in Waste Water -An Isotope Hydrological Perspective

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Dynamics of a fertilizer contaminant plume in groundwater

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with 15N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction

Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with 15N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction

Retardation of ammonium and potassium transport through a contaminated sand and gravel aquifer: the role of cation exchange

Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation in Waste Water -An Isotope Hydrological Perspective

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Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with ¹⁵N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction

Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with ¹⁵N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction