Dynamics of adaptation at high luminances: Adaptation is faster after luminance decrements than after luminance increments

Poot, L.; Snippe, H.P.; Hateren, van Johannes

doi:10.1364/josaa.14.002499

Cited by 31 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The argument suggests that rapid acceleration at saccade onset tilts the photoreceptors, which generates a transient reduction in luminance sensitivity (Richards, 1969;Castet et al, 2001). If luminance is briefly reduced in fixating humans there is a reduction in visual sensitivity, maximal 20 -50 ms after the decrement and a relatively weak reduction in visual sensitivity up to 25 ms before the decrement (Poot et al, 1997). Thus, a simple reduction in stimulus brightness can cause a reduction in visual sensitivity that can be perceived to occur before the stimulus was even presented.…”

Section: Saccadic Suppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, any explanation for prestimulus events must come from errors in perceived timing, which incorrectly attributes visual responses with prestimulus time epochs. Examples of this postdiction are widespread in the perceptual literature (Poot et al, 1997;Krekelberg et al, 2003;Ostendorf et al, 2006) and are thought to be caused by variable visual latencies between cells and long temporal integration times.…”

Section: Saccadic Suppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Saccadic Modulation of Neural Responses: Possible Roles in Saccadic Suppression, Enhancement, and Time Compression

et al. 2008

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Humans use saccadic eye movements to make frequent gaze changes, yet the associated full-field image motion is not perceived. The theory of saccadic suppression has been proposed to account for this phenomenon, but it is not clear whether suppression originates from a retinal signal at saccade onset or from the brain before saccade onset. Perceptually, visual sensitivity is reduced before saccades and enhanced afterward. Over the same time period, the perception of time is compressed and even inverted. We explore the origins and neural basis of these effects by recording from neurons in the dorsal medial superior temporal area (

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Section: Saccadic Suppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Saccadic Suppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saccadic Modulation of Neural Responses: Possible Roles in Saccadic Suppression, Enhancement, and Time Compression

et al. 2008

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“…Adaptation in the cone occurs on multiple timescales, with different mechanisms governing the dynamics of adaptation after light increments and decrements. Light adaptation in human observers also occurs over multiple timescales and is also strongly asymmetric with respect to light increments and decrements (Crawford, 1947;Poot et al, 1997). Beyond these superficial similarities, however, little is known about how specific physiological phenomena in the cone are propagated downstream of the photoreceptor and affect performance of the visual system.…”

Section: Rod and Cone Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light Adaptation in Salamander L-Cone Photoreceptors

Soo¹,

Detwiler²

2008

J. Neurosci.

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The responses of individual salamander L-cones to light steps of moderate intensity (bleaching 0.3-3% of the total photopigment) and duration (between 5 and 90 s) were recorded using suction electrodes. Light initially suppressed the circulating current, which partially recovered or "sagged" over several seconds. The sensitivity of the cone to dim flashes decreased rapidly after light onset and approached a minimum within 500 ms. Background light did not affect the rising phase of the dim flash response, a measure of the initial gain of phototransduction. When the light was extinguished, the circulating current transiently exceeded or "overshot" its level in darkness. During the overshoot, the sensitivity of the cone required several seconds to recover. The sag and overshoot remained in voltage-clamped cones. Comparison with theory suggests that three mechanisms cause the sag, overshoot, and slow recovery of sensitivity after the light step: a gradual increase in the rate of inactivation of the phototransduction cascade during the light step, residual activity of the transduction cascade after the step is extinguished, and an increase in guanylate cyclase activity during the light step that persists after the light is extinguished.Key words: photoreceptor; phototransduction; cone adaptation; retina adaptation; light; vision IntroductionA common feature of sensory systems is their ability to function under widely varying stimulus conditions. Cone photoreceptors, which provide the dominant input to daylight vision, operate over a range of more than one million in mean light intensity. Even within a single visual scene, cones encounter light intensities that vary as much as 10,000-fold (Xiao et al., 2002). To encode these visual inputs effectively, cones must adjust their sensitivity, or adapt, to large changes in illumination.Visual information is encoded in photoreceptors by a G-protein-coupled signal transduction cascade (for review, see Yau, 1994;Arshavsky et al., 2002) (see Fig. 7). Light absorption by the photopigment ( R) triggers the serial activation of multiple G-proteins, causing the amplified stimulation of the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE). The activated phosphodiesterase (PDE*) hydrolyzes the second messenger cGMP, causing cGMPgated channels in the cone outer segment to close, suppressing the circulating current and causing a fall in intracellular Ca 2ϩ . The decrease in Ca 2ϩ activates guanylate cyclase, accelerating its rate of cGMP synthesis. This negative feedback counters the light-induced increase in hydrolytic activity, partially restoring the cGMP concentration. Light-activated photopigment (R*) and PDE* are inactivated through a separate series of biochemical reactions. The decrease in circulating current hyperpolarizes the cell and modulates the release of neurotransmitter at the cone output synapse, sending a signal to the rest of the retina.In rods, many of these biochemical steps appear to be modulated during adaptation (for review, see Fain et al., 2001). Adaptation in cones is less wel...

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“…Psychophysical threshold measurements of ON and OFF sensitivity have given mixed results (Blackwell, 1946; Krauskopf, 1980; Bowen et al, 1989; Poot et al, 1997). More complex behavioral tasks have revealed the advantage of Dark-on-Light over Light-on-Dark in reading (Buchner and Baumgartner, 2007), and the primacy of Dark texels in judging texture variance (Chubb and Nam, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Darks Are Processed Faster Than Lights

Komban¹,

Alonso²,

Zaidi³

2011

Journal of Neuroscience

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Recent physiological studies claim that Dark stimuli have access to greater neuronal resources than Light stimuli in early visual pathway. We used two sets of novel stimuli to examine the functional consequences of this Dark dominance in human observers. We show that increment and decrement thresholds are equal when controlled for adaptation and eye-movements. However, measurements for salience differences at high-contrasts show that Darks are detected pronouncedly faster and more accurately than Lights when presented against uniform binary noise. In addition, the salience advantage for Darks is abolished when the background distribution is adjusted to control for the irradiation illusion. The threshold equality suggests that the highest sensitivities of neurons in the ON and OFF channels are similar, whereas the salience difference is consistent with a population advantage for the OFF system.

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Dynamics of adaptation at high luminances: Adaptation is faster after luminance decrements than after luminance increments

Cited by 31 publications

References 36 publications

Saccadic Modulation of Neural Responses: Possible Roles in Saccadic Suppression, Enhancement, and Time Compression

Saccadic Modulation of Neural Responses: Possible Roles in Saccadic Suppression, Enhancement, and Time Compression

Light Adaptation in Salamander L-Cone Photoreceptors

Darks Are Processed Faster Than Lights

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