Dynamics of ammonia exchange with cut grassland: strategy and implementation of the GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment

Sutton, Mark A.; Nemitz, Eiko; Theobald, Mark R.; Milford, C.; Dorsey, J. R.; Gallagher, Martin; Hensen, A.; Jongejan, P. A. C.; Erisman, J. W.; Mattßon, Marie; Schjøerring, Jan K.; Cellier, Pierre; Loubet, Benjamin; Roche, Romain; Neftel, A.; Hermann, B.; Jones, S. K.; Lehman, Bonnie; Horváth, László; Weidinger, Tamás; Rajkai, Kálmán; Burkhardt, Juergen; Löpmeier, Franz-Josef; Daemmgen, U.

doi:10.5194/bg-6-309-2009

Cited by 57 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…The European project GRAMINAE (Grassland Ammonia Interactions Across Europe - Sutton et al, 2001Sutton et al, , 2009a, was instigated to quantify exchange of NH 3 with grasslands along an East-West transect across Europe. As part of this effort, an integrated experimental campaign took place 18 May-15 June 2000 at a 6.4 ha experimental agricultural grassland of the German Federal Agricultural Research Centre Braunschweig, Völkenrode (52 • 18 N, 10 • 26 E; 79 m a.s.l.…”

Section: Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Agronomic conditions in the experiment are described by Sutton et al (2009a, b) and show a large range of situations to evaluate the model: a) the vegetation was at first tall and dense; b) it was cut on 29 May 2000, and then left for 3 days; and c) the field was fertilized on 6 June with 108 kg N ha −1 as calcium ammonium nitrate. The calendar events are summarized in Fig.…”

Section: Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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SURFATM-NH3: a model combining the surface energy balance and bi-directional exchanges of ammonia applied at the field scale

et al. 2009

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Abstract.A new biophysical model SURFATM-NH3, simulating the ammonia (NH 3 ) exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is presented. SURFATM-NH3 consists of two coupled models: (i) an energy budget model and (ii) a pollutant exchange model, which distinguish the soil and plant exchange processes. The model describes the exchanges in terms of adsorption to leaf cuticles and bi-directional transport through leaf stomata and soil. The results of the model are compared with the flux measurements over grassland during the GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment at Braunschweig, Germany. The dataset of GRAMINAE allows the model to be tested in various meteorological and agronomic conditions: prior to cutting, after cutting and then after the application of mineral fertilizer. The whole comparison shows close agreement between model and measurements for energy budget and ammonia fluxes. The major controls on the ground and plant emission potential are the physicochemical parameters for liquid-gas exchanges which are integrated in the compensation points for live leaves, litter and the soil surface. Modelled fluxes are highly sensitive to soil and plant surface temperatures, highlighting the importance of accurate estimates of these terms. The model suggests that the net flux depends not only on the foliar (stomatal) compensation point but also that of leaf litter. SURFATM-NH3 represents a comprehensive approach to studying pollutant exchanges and its link with plant and soil functioning. It also provides a simplified generalised approach (SVAT model) applicable for atmospheric transport models.Correspondence to: E. Personne

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Section: Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

SURFATM-NH3: a model combining the surface energy balance and bi-directional exchanges of ammonia applied at the field scale

et al. 2009

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“…This ground-level source was believed to be responsible for the sustained NH 3 emissions observed after grass cutting, as indicated by independent bioassay and chamber measurements (David et al, 2009). The GRassland AMmonia Interactions Across Europe (GRAMINAE) grassland experiment, summarised by Sutton et al (2009a, b), demonstrated that overall, net above-canopy fluxes were mostly determined by stomatal and cuticular uptake before the cut, by leaf litter emissions after the cut, and by fertilizer and litter emissions after fertilization.…”

Section: Recapture Of Soil/litter-emitted Nh 3 By the Overlying Canopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in understanding, models and parameterizations of biosphere-atmosphere ammonia exchange

et al. 2013

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Atmospheric ammonia (NH₃) dominates global emissions of total reactive nitrogen (N_r), while emissions from agricultural production systems contribute about two-thirds of global NH₃ emissions; the remaining third emanates from oceans, natural vegetation, humans, wild animals and biomass burning. On land, NH₃ emitted from the various sources eventually returns to the biosphere by dry deposition to sink areas, predominantly semi-natural vegetation, and by wet and dry deposition as ammonium (NH₄⁺) to all surfaces. However, the land/atmosphere exchange of gaseous NH₃ is in fact bi-directional over unfertilized as well as fertilized ecosystems, with periods and areas of emission and deposition alternating in time (diurnal, seasonal) and space (patchwork landscapes). The exchange is controlled by a range of environmental factors, including meteorology, surface layer turbulence, thermodynamics, air and surface heterogeneous-phase chemistry, canopy geometry, plant development stage, leaf age, organic matter decomposition, soil microbial turnover, and, in agricultural systems, by fertilizer application rate, fertilizer type, soil type, crop type, and agricultural management practices. We review the range of processes controlling NH₃ emission and uptake in the different parts of the soil-canopy-atmosphere continuum, with NH₃ emission potentials defined at the substrate and leaf levels by different [NH₄⁺] / [H⁺] ratios (Γ). Surface/atmosphere exchange models for NH₃ are necessary to compute the temporal and spatial patterns of emissions and deposition at the soil, plant, field, landscape, regional and global scales, in order to assess the multiple environmental impacts of airborne and deposited NH₃ and NH₄⁺. Models of soil/vegetation/atmosphere NH₃ exchange are reviewed from the substrate and leaf scales to the global scale. They range from simple steady-state, "big leaf" canopy resistance models, to dynamic, multi-layer, multi-process, multi-chemical species schemes. Their level of complexity depends on their purpose, the spatial scale at which they are applied, the current level of parameterization, and the availability of the input data they require. State-of-the-art solutions for determining the emission/sink Γ potentials through the soil/canopy system include coupled, interactive chemical transport models (CTM) and soil/ecosystem modelling at the regional scale. However, it remains a matter for debate to what extent realistic options for future regional and global models should be based on process-based mechanistic versus empirical and regression-type models. Further discussion is needed on the extent and timescale by which new approaches can be used, such as integration with ecosystem models and satellite observations

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“…The magnitude was achieved by using a g value of 80 000 following leaf fall, which is in the range of values found for senescing plant material (e.g. Sutton et al, 2009), but larger than measurements of the litter emission potential established by Wang et al (2011) during the previous autumn. In the absence of in-canopy turbulence measurements, the parameterisation of the in-canopy transport resistance is poorly constrained.…”

Section: Lai and Nh 3 Fluxes In The Leaf Fall Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia emissions from deciduous forest after leaf fall

et al. 2013

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The understanding of biochemical feedback mechanisms in the climate system is lacking knowledge in relation to bi-directional ammonia (NH₃) exchange between natural ecosystems and the atmosphere. We therefore study the atmospheric NH₃ fluxes during a 25-day period during autumn 2010 (21 October to 15 November) for the Danish beech forest Lille Bøgeskov to address the hypothesis that NH₃ emissions occur from deciduous forests in relation to leaf fall. This is accomplished by using observations of vegetation status, NH₃ fluxes and model calculations. Vegetation status was observed using plant area index (PAI) and leaf area index (LAI). NH₃ fluxes were measured using the relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) method. The REA-based NH₃ concentrations were compared to NH₃ denuder measurements. Model calculations of the atmospheric NH₃ concentration were obtained with the Danish Ammonia MOdelling System (DAMOS). The relative contribution from the forest components to the atmospheric NH₃ flux was assessed using a simple two-layer bi-directional canopy compensation point model. A total of 57.7% of the fluxes measured showed emission and 19.5% showed deposition. A clear tendency of the flux going from deposition of −0.25 ± 0.30 μg NH₃-N m⁻² s⁻¹ to emission of up to 0.67 ± 0.28 μg NH₃-N m⁻² s⁻¹ throughout the measurement period was found. In the leaf fall period (23 October to 8 November), an increase in the atmospheric NH₃ concentrations was related to the increasing forest NH₃ flux. Following leaf fall, the magnitude and temporal structure of the measured NH₃ emission fluxes could be adequately reproduced with the bi-directional resistance model; it suggested the forest ground layer (soil and litter) to be the main contributing component to the NH₃ emissions. The modelled concentration from DAMOS fits well the measured concentrations before leaf fall, but during and after leaf fall, the modelled concentrations are too low. The results indicate that the missing contribution to atmospheric NH₃ concentration from vegetative surfaces related to leaf fall are of a relatively large magnitude. We therefore conclude that emissions from deciduous forests are important to include in model calculations of atmospheric NH₃ for forest ecosystems. Finally, diurnal variations in the measured NH₃ concentrations were related to meteorological conditions, forest phenology and the spatial distribution of local anthropogenic NH₃ sources. This suggests that an accurate description of ammonia fluxes over forest ecosystems requires a dynamic description of atmospheric and vegetation processes

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Dynamics of ammonia exchange with cut grassland: strategy and implementation of the GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment

Cited by 57 publications

References 118 publications

SURFATM-NH3: a model combining the surface energy balance and bi-directional exchanges of ammonia applied at the field scale

SURFATM-NH3: a model combining the surface energy balance and bi-directional exchanges of ammonia applied at the field scale

Advances in understanding, models and parameterizations of biosphere-atmosphere ammonia exchange

Ammonia emissions from deciduous forest after leaf fall

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