“…The excitation frequencies are 20, 15, 10, 5 and 2 Hz. It is clear that unlike the case of single-phase #ow (Tanaka & Takahara 1980;Chen 1983;Mureithi et al 1996), the force coe$cients are not simple single-valued functions of ;/fD. At constant ;/fD, the force coe$cients show variation depending on the combination of ; and f. This indicates that the homogeneous velocity may not be the true independent parameter.…”