Dynamics of Component Separation in a Binary Mixture of Bose-Einstein Condensates [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1539 (1998)]

Hall, D. S.; Matthews, M. R.; Ensher, Jason; Wieman, Carl; Cornell, Eric A.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.81.4531

Cited by 369 publications

(751 citation statements)

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“…In order to obtain stable Skyrmion configurations, N had to be sufficiently large and the population difference between the two species |N + − N − | sufficiently small. In the experimental values of 87 Rb the slight difference between the scattering lengths a ++ : a +− : a −− :: 1.03 : 1 : 0.97, with a +− ≃ 5.5nm [9], indicates that the SU(2) order parameter symmetry is only approximate, being broken down to U(1)×U(1). As a result of the phase separation for a 2 +− a ++ a −− , the scattering length difference was previously found to provide a sufficient repulsion between the two species to stabilize the W = 1 Skyrmion, when N 8 × 10 6 , for N + = N − and l = 3.86µm [2,30].…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable particlelike solitons with multiply quantized vortex lines in Bose-Einstein condensates

Ruostekoski

2004

Phys. Rev. A

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We show that a multiply-quantized vortex line core can be energetically stable in a harmonically trapped two-component atomic Bose-Einstein condensate. The structure, in which the condensate component with the vortex line is surrounded by the second component forming a vortex ring, can be identified as a particlelike Skyrmion with a multiply-quantized winding number, and closely resembles cosmic vortons.PACS numbers: 03.75. Lm,03.75.Mn,12.39.Dc Among the most remarkable experiments in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) are the studies of topological defects, such as quantized vortex lines and vortex lattices [1]. A quantized vortex in a singlecomponent BEC exhibits a line singularity of a 1D order parameter field. However, truly 3D topological objects can be afforded by multi-component BECs. It was recently shown that a localized particlelike soliton, or a Skyrmion, can be energetically stable in a trapped twospecies 87 Rb BEC under realistic experimental conditions [2]. In this paper we demonstrate that also multiplyquantized Skyrmions can be stable in a two-component BEC when the interparticle interaction between the two species is sufficiently strong. In the stable configurations one of the BEC components forms a multiply-quantized vortex line and is confined in a toroidal region inside the second component forming a vortex ring; see Fig. 1. The second component provides the stability of the multiplyquantized vortex line core against splitting, and no external quartic potential is required, as in the case of multiply-quantized vortices in a single-component BEC [3]. Moreover, the centrifugal energy, associated with the circulation of the vortex line, prevents the shrinking of the vortex ring to zero size. As first noted in Ref.[13], the structure is closely related to cosmic vortons which are superconducting cosmic strings and may have been formed in the early Universe phase transitions [4]. Also nuclear matter in neutron stars can have a similar description [5]. The analogies provide an interesting possibility for cosmology in laboratory experiments using atomic BECs, as performed in superfluid liquid helium systems [6,7].Multi-component BECs can be prepared in magnetic traps by simultaneously confining different atomic species in the same trap or in optical dipole traps where the spin dynamics is no longer constrained by magnetic fields [8]. Here we consider two BEC components in perfectly overlapping isotropic magnetic trapping potentials. Such a system has been experimentally realized using the | ↑ ≡ |F = 2, m f = 1 and | ↓ ≡ |1, −1 hyperfine spin states of 87 Rb. In that case the inter-(a ↑↓ ) and intraspecies (a ↑↑ and a ↓↓ ) interaction strengths are nearly equal, with a ↓↓ : a ↑↓ : a ↑↑ :: 1.03 : 1 : 0.97 [9], and the order parameter of the two-component BEC has an approximate SU(2) symmetry. Since the scattering lengths satisfy a 2 ↑↓ a ↑↑ a ↓↓ , the two species experience dynamical phase separation and can strongly repel each other [9]. The interatomic interactions of the two 87 Rb component...

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable particlelike solitons with multiply quantized vortex lines in Bose-Einstein condensates

Ruostekoski

2004

Phys. Rev. A

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“…One may also regard this instability as the phase separation of a two-component condensate [17,18], recalling that the |m z = 0 state represents an equal superposition of the |m φ = ±1 eigenstates of any transverse spin operator,F φ =F x cos φ +F y sin φ. Additionally, since c 2 < 0, the ±1 eigenstates of any spin component are immiscible [19]. Ferromagnetism thus arises by the spinodal decomposition of a binary gaseous mixture into neighboring regions of oppositely oriented transverse magnetization.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous symmetry breaking in a quenched ferromagnetic spinor Bose–Einstein condensate

Sadler

Higbie²,

Leslie³

et al. 2006

Nature

948

1,084

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A central goal in condensed matter and modern atomic physics is the exploration of manybody quantum phases and the universal characteristics of quantum phase transitions in so far as they differ from those established for thermal phase transitions. Compared with condensedmatter systems, atomic gases are more precisely constructed and also provide the unique opportunity to explore quantum dynamics far from equilibrium. Here we identify a second-order quantum phase transition in a gaseous spinor BoseEinstein condensate, a quantum fluid in which superfluidity and magnetism, both associated with symmetry breaking, are simultaneously realized. 87 Rb spinor condensates were rapidly quenched across this transition to a ferromagnetic state and probed using in-situ magnetization imaging to observe spontaneous symmetry breaking through the formation of spin textures, ferromagnetic domains and domain walls. The observation of topological defects produced by this symmetry breaking, identified as polar-core spin-vortices containing non-zero spin current but no net mass current, represents the first phase-sensitive in-situ detection of vortices in a gaseous superfluid.Most ultracold atomic gases consist of atoms with nonzero total angular momentum denoted by the quantum number F , which is the sum of the total electronic angular momentum and nuclear spin. In spinor atomic gases, such as F = 1 and F = 2 gases of 23 Na [1, 2] and 87 Rb [3,4], all magnetic sublevels representing all orientations of the atomic spin may be realized [5]. The phase coherent portion of a Bose-Einsein condensed spinor gas is described by a vector order parameter and therefore exhibits spontaneous magnetic ordering. Nevertheless, considerable freedom remains for the type of ordering that can occur. For 87 Rb F = 1 spinor gases, the spindependent energy per particle in the condensate is the sum of two terms, c 2 n F 2 + q F 2 z , where F denotes the dimensionless spin vector operator. The first term describes spin-dependent interatomic interactions, with n being the number density and c 2 = (4π 2 /3m)(a 2 − a 0 ) depending on the atomic mass m and the s-wave scattering lengths a f for collisions between pairs of particles with total spin f [6,7]. Given c 2 < 0 for our system [3,4,8,9], the interaction term alone favors a ferromagnetic phase with broken rotational symmetry. The second term describes a quadratic Zeeman shift in our experiment, with q = (h × 70 Hz/G 2 )B 2 at a magnetic field of magnitude B [10]. This term favors instead a scalar phase with no net magnetization, i.e. a condensate in the |m z = 0 magnetic sublevel. These phases are divided by a second-order quantum phase transition at q = 2|c 2 |n.This article describes our observation of spontaneous symmetry breaking in a 87 Rb spinor BEC that is rapidly quenched across this quantum phase transition. Nearlypure spinor Bose-Einstein condensates were prepared in the scalar |m z = 0 phase at a high quadratic Zeeman shift (q ≫ 2|c 2 |n). By rapidly reducing the magnitude of the applied magneti...

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“…The Boulder group has used magnetically trapped multi-component condensates for a remarkable series of experiments. Studies have probed the spatial separation of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate [81,85] and the stability of a relative phase between the two components even in the presence of dissipation [86]. The Boulder group has also explored the nature of multi-component condensates in the presence of continuous resonant and non-resonant rf coupling between the components.…”

Section: Spinor Bose-einstein Condensatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinor Condensates and Light Scattering from Bose-Einstein Condensates

Stamper-Kurn¹,

Ketterle²

Les Houches - Ecole D’Ete De Physique Theorique

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Dynamics of Component Separation in a Binary Mixture of Bose-Einstein Condensates [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1539 (1998)]

Cited by 369 publications

References 1 publication

Stable particlelike solitons with multiply quantized vortex lines in Bose-Einstein condensates

Stable particlelike solitons with multiply quantized vortex lines in Bose-Einstein condensates

Spontaneous symmetry breaking in a quenched ferromagnetic spinor Bose–Einstein condensate

Spinor Condensates and Light Scattering from Bose-Einstein Condensates

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