Dynamics of Cytokine/Chemokine Responses in Intestinal CD4⁺and CD8⁺T Cells during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Abstract

؉ and CD8 ؉ T cells showed upregulation of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-basic) cytokines that have been linked to HIV disease progression.

Cytokine/Chemokine Responses in Activated CD4+and CD8+T Cells Isolated from Peripheral Blood, Bone Marrow, and Axillary Lymph Nodes during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

“…Selective depletion of CD4 ϩ T-cell subsets during chronic MuLV infection induced increased expression of T H 2 cytokines (13). Our study found no evidence of a mucosal T H 1-to-T H 2 or T-cytotoxic 1 (T C 1)-to-T C 2 cytokine profile shift during the acute phase of SIV infection (5). Limited data exist on how cytokine/ chemokine profiles in different T-cell subsets of lymphoid tissues and bone marrow (BM) lymphocytes are affected during the acute phase of HIV infection, despite the fact that peripheral LN and BM are considered major virus reservoirs for HIV/SIV infection (14)(15)(16)(17).…”

“…Chronic and deleterious immune activation is a hallmark of HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Our recent data suggest that pathogenic SIV MAC 251 infection induces higher expression of several cytokines/chemokines in plasma, as well as in intestinal single-positive (SP) CD4 ϩ and CD8 ϩ T cells (4,5). Early loss of intestinal CD4…”

“…Additionally, the increased production of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-basic) observed in HIV/SIV infection was thought to be linked with increased virus replication and disease progression (5)(6)(7)(8). Therefore, understanding cytokine/chemokine networks during HIV/SIV infection is important for the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics.…”

“…Stained cells were washed once with PBS and fixed with 1ϫ BD stabilizing fixative buffer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). Cells were kept protected from light at 4°C, and acquisition was performed on a Becton, Dickinson LSRFortessa within 24 h of staining as described previously (5,25,26,28,29). Cells were first labeled with LIVE/DEAD stain (Invitrogen, Life Technologies) and then surface stained with anti-CD3 (SP34.2; BD Biosciences), anti-CD4 (L200; BD Biosciences), anti-CD8 (3B5; Invitrogen), anti-programmed cell death 1 (anti-PD-1) (J105; eBioscience), and anti-CD38 (OKT10; NIH Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs).…”

Lack of Interleukin-10-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Signals and Upregulated Interferon Gamma Production Are Linked to Increased Intestinal Epithelial Cell Apoptosis in Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

“…Epithelial cells and lymphocytes from jejunum and colon were isolated as described earlier (9,(22)(23)(24). Both intraepithelial (IE) and lamina propria (LP) lymphocytes were isolated from intestinal biopsy specimens, resection surgery, or necropsy tissues.…”